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Anatomy of the Ear and the Auditory Pathway Flashcards

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1
Q

Anatomy of the Ear:

A

parotid gland near the tragus

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2
Q

The External Ear is divided into 2 parts:

A
  • cartilaginous auricle on the lateral aspect of
    the head
  • cartilaginous and bony canal (external
    acoustic meatus) that passes through the
    tympanic part of the temporal bone
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3
Q

Function of the External Ear:

A
  • capture sound
  • transmit sound
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4
Q

External Ear:

A

insert diagram

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5
Q

External Ear:

A

external acoustic meatus is part of the tympanic part of the temporal bone

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6
Q

Tympanic Membrane:
- boundary
- what attaches to it?
- cone of light

function

A
  • boundary between external and middle ear
  • fibrocartilaginous ring attaches to it and the
    tympanic part of the temporal bone
  • attached to handle of malleus-umbo
  • cone of light projects anteroinferiorly = can be
    used to differentiate between right and left
    ears

converts sound air waves into mechanical vibration

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7
Q

What is shown below?
Label the diagram.

A

insert tympanic membrane

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8
Q

The middle ear comprises of 2 parts:

A
  • tympanic cavity
  • epitympanic recess
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9
Q

Middle Ear: Tympanic Cavity:Location:

A

Within the petrous part of the temporal bone that is separated from the external ear by the tympanic membrane

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10
Q

Function of the Middle Ear:

A

transmit sound through the vibrations between the ossicles

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11
Q

How does the middle ear communicate with the nasopharynx?

A

via the pharyngotympanic (eustachian) tube

naso, oro and laryngopharynx;

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12
Q

Middle Ear:

A

insert diagram

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13
Q

Tympanic Cavity:

A

lateral view having removed the tympanic membrane
just a schematic

  • chordae tympani provides special sensory to
    tongue
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14
Q

Tympanic Cavity: Boundaries:

A
  • tegmen tympani = roof/tegmental wall
  • floor/jugular wall = IJV inferiorly, tympanic
    branch of CNIX enters cavity
  • posterior/mastoid wall = chordae tympani
    enters cavity
  • anterior wall = pharyngotympanic tube
  • medial/ labrinthine wall = cochlea, oval
    window, round window
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15
Q

The central point of the tympanic membrane is the

A

umbo

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16
Q

What holds the tympanic membrane taut?

A

the handle of the malleus bone

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17
Q

Name the ossicles, articulations and what type of joints.

A
  • malleus (hammer) = articulates with the
    tympanic membrane
  • incus (anvil) = lies in the middle
  • stapes (stirrup) = articulates at the oval
    window with the inner ear
  • synovial joints
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18
Q

Ossicles:

A

just need to know basic shapes

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19
Q

2 main muscles of the middle ear:

A
  • tempor tympani
  • stapedius
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20
Q

Functions of the tensor tympani and stapedius:

A
  • to reduce vibrations of tympanic membrane
  • to reduce the vibrations of the stapes at the
    oval window
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21
Q

Tensor Tympani:
- articulation
- action
- innervation

A
  • articulates with the handle of the malleus
  • tenses on tympanic membrane by pulling on
    the handle of the malleus
  • mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
    CNV3
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22
Q

Stapedius:
- articulation
- action
- innervation

A
  • articulates with the neck of stapes
  • pulls on the stapes
  • facial nerve (proper division) CNVII = motor
    component
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23
Q

Middle Ear Muscles:

A

from medial looking outward

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24
Q

Pharyngotympanic Tube function:

A

to equalise pressure between the middle ear and the external environment via the nasopharynx

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25
The pharyngotympanic Tube comprises of 2 parts:
- 1/3 bone, proximal to the tympanic cavity - 2/3 cartilage, distal to the tympanic cavity
26
The inner ear is a series of
bony cavities and membranous ducts in the petrous part of the temporal bone
27
How does the inner ear communicate with the posterior cranial fossa? How does sensory information to do with hearing and balance travel from the inner ear to the brainstem?
vestibulocochlear nerve CNVIII travels to the brainstem = sensory info enters the cranial cavity via the internal acoustic meatus into the posterior cranial fossa
28
Inner Ear Function (2):
- conversion of mechanical stimuli into electrical signals - conversion of mechanical stimuli of movement and changes in position into electrical signals
29
Inner Ear:
insert diagram
30
The Inner ear comprises of (2):
- the bony labyrinth containing perilymph - membranous labyrinth containing endolymph (floating within perilymph) (sweater = bone, body = membrane)
31
Inner Ear:
insert diagram
32
Inner Ear:
insert diagram
33
Inner Ear:
insert diagram
34
The first pathway of sound into the inner ear is called
the vestibule (the bony labyrinth) contains perilymph (similar to CSF) and houses the membranous labyrinth communicates with the middle ear
35
Which of the following are apart of the bony labyrinth of the inner ear? - vestibule - semicircular canals - semicircular ducts - utricle - scala tympani - cochlear duct
- vestibule - semicircular canal - scala tympani
36
The semi-circular ducts are housed within the
semi-circular canals
37
Inner Ear: Semi-circular Canals:
- three semi-circular ducts: horizontal, anterior and posterior - 90 degrees to each other - widening at the end of each canal = ampulla - contains perilymph
38
The vestibule houses the
utricle and saccule
39
Inner Ear: Cochlea:
- central core of bone = modiolus - scala vestibuli (duct) - scale tympani (duct) - helicotrema (communication between scalae) contains perilymph
40
How does the sound wave/vibration pass through the cochlea?
- sound wave passes through scala vestibule first - then helicotrema - then scala tympani - articulate via round window back into the middle ear
41
Inner Ear: Membranous Labyrinth:
- utricle - saccule - 3x semicircular ducts and ampullae - cochlear duct (scala media) - contain endolymph - surround by perilymph and bony labyrinth
42
Which nutrients are the endolymph high in?
potassium low in sodium
43
Inner Ear:
insert diagram
44
Inner Ear:
insert diagram
45
Cochlea:
insert diagram
46
Membranous Labyrinth:
insert diagram
47
Label the bones:
insert diagram
48
What are three parts of the ear?
external, middle, inner
49
Innervation to Ear:
insert diagram
50
What is the shape of the cochlear duct/scala media?
triangular shape
51
Cochlear Duct: - held in place by - boundaries/membranes - spiral organ
- spiral ligament holds in place to petrous temporal bone - vestibular membrane superiorly (separates from scala vestibule) - basilar membrane inferiorly (separates from scala tympani) - spiral organ - organ of hearing = lies on the basilar membrane
52
Cochlear Duct:
insert diagram
53
Sound waves hit tympanic membrane, pass through ossicles, vestibule and into cochlea, then
- vibration in perilymph - scala vestibuli first - scala tympani - movement of basilar membrane - signal induction in spiral organ by causing interaction between tectorial membrane and sterocillia
54
What is the cochlear nerve formed from?
spiral ganglion at the base of lamina of modolius across the cochlea all unit to form the cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve
55
The Cochlear nerve travels with the vestibular nerve through
the petrous part of temporal bone CNVIII enters posterior cranial fossa via the internal acoustic meatus
56
After CNVIII enters the posterior cranial fossa, what is the path of the cochlear nerve?
- travels to the dorsal and ventral nuclei in the medulla oblongata - neurons travel to midbrain inferior colliculus and then thalamic medial geniculate nucleus - impulses travel to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe (area 41/42) spiral organ in cochlea, cochlear nerve formed, petrous part of temporal bone, via internal acoustic meatus, into medulla oblongata to dorsal and ventral nuclei, synapse and ascend into the midbrain to the inferior colliculus, pass the thalamus and travel to the auditory cortex
57
The superior colliculi are involved in the
pathway of visual information
58
What are cristae ampullaris and where are they located?
- organs of balance - within the semicircular DUCTS of the inner ear
59
In what planes are the three semicircular ducts found?
- anterior = coronal = perceive lateral flexion - posterior = sagittal =perceive flexion extension - horizontal = transverse = perceive rotational movement
60
Where do all the semicircular ducts open?
via ampulla into utricle
61
What is the maculae and where is it located?
- organs of balance - utricule and saccule
62
What is perceived in the utricule?
Linear acceleration = horizontal plane
63
What is perceived in the saccule?
Linear acceleration = vertical plane
64
Pathway of information through the vestibular part of CNVIII: signal generation:
- rotational movements(crista ampullaris) cause movement of the endolymph in semicircular ducts - endolymph movements distort the cupula - stereocilia and single kinocilium embedded within the cupula - movement of the hair cells causes electrical signals to fire in the vestibular nerve division of CNVIII orrrr - acceleration movements cause movement of endolymph in utricle and saccule - endolymph movements distort the otholithic membrane in gelatinous mass - stereocilia and single kinocilium in gelatinous mass interact - causes electrical signal to fire in the vestibular nerve division
65
The cupula is a
gelatinous mass
66
Cupula:
insert
67
How is the vestibular nerve formed?
inferior and superior divisions unit
68
the vestibular nerve travels with
the cochlear nerve through petrous bone via the internal acoustic meatus to enter the posterior cranial fossa
69
After entering the posterior cranial fossa, the vestibular division of CNXIII travels to
the superior, inferior, medial and lateral nuclei in the medulla oblongata and pons neurons travel to different pathways
70
Summary of how vestibular information travels
- generated through the interaction of stereocilia and a single kinocilia in gelatinous mass - travels through the vestibular nerves - inferior and superior vestibular nerves join to form the vestibular division of CNXIII - travels with the cochlear nerve through the petrous part of the temporal bone - enters the posterior cranial fossa through the internal acoustic meatus - travels to the medulla oblongata and pons - synapses at the superior, inferior, medial and lateral nuclei - then travels through various pathways eg vestibulospinal, vestibulocerebellar, vestibuloocular reflexes
71
Semicircular ducts:
insert diagram
72
vestibular nerve
insert diagram
73
Vestibular Part of CNVIII:
insert
74
What are the organs of rotational movement?
cristae ampullaris in the ampulla of semicircular ducts
75
What are the organs of accelerational movement?
maculae in the utricle (horizontal) and saccule (vertical)
76
Auditory pathway:

NSB (50 decks)

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