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Topography of the Brain Flashcards

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1
Q

What sulcus separates the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex?

A

the longitudinal fissure

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2
Q

What sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes? How does it run?

A
  • the central sulcus
  • left to right (looking down superiorly)
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3
Q

What sulcus lies anterior to the central sulcus?

A
  • pre-central sulcus
  • lies in the frontal lobe
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4
Q

What sulcus lies posterior to the central sulcus?

A
  • post-central sulcus
  • lies in the parietal lobe
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5
Q

What sulcus separates our temporal lobe from our parietal lobe?

A
  • lateral fissure
  • lateral aspect of the head
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6
Q

What sulcus separates the cerebellum and the temporal lobe?

A

the transverse fissure

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7
Q

The cingulate sulcus:
- located where
- separates

A
  • medial view, just above the corpus
    callosum, above cingulate gyrus
  • separates the limbic system and the
    cerebral system
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8
Q

What sulcus separates the parietal and occipital lobes?

A
  • parieto-occipital sulcus
  • more posterior on the brain, like
    where the occipital lobe is located
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9
Q

What sulcus divides our visual cortex?

A
  • calcarine sulcus
  • posterior of the brain (in the occipital
    lobe)
  • much lower, closer to the cerebellum
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10
Q

Lobes of Brain:

A
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11
Q

Major Sulci:

A
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12
Q

Major Sulci: Medial View:

A
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13
Q

What gyrus lies between the pre-central sulcus and the central sulcus?

A

the pre-central gyrus

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14
Q

Pre-central Gyrus: Function:

A
  • Primary Motor Cortex (voluntary)
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15
Q

What gyrus is located between the central sulcus and the post-central sulcus?

A

the post-central gyrus

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16
Q

Post-central Gyrus: Function:

A
  • Primary Somatosensory Cortex
    (most sensory processing)
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17
Q

What gyrus is found on the temporal lobe just below the lateral fissure?

A

the superior temporal gyrus

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18
Q

Superior Temporal Gyrus: Function:

A
  • reception and processing of sound
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19
Q

What gyrus lies between the corpus callosum and the cingulate sulcus?

A

the cingulate gyrus

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20
Q

Cingulate Gyrus: Function:

A
  • part of the limbic system
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21
Q

Para-hippocampal Gyri:
- location
- function

A
  • medial temporal lobes, close to
    midbrain
  • part of the limbic systems
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22
Q

Name two gyri that are part of the limbic system.

A
  • cingulate gyrus
  • para-hippocampal gyri
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23
Q

Uncus:
- location
- function

A
  • anterior part of parahippocampal
    gyri, looks like a hook, close to
    midbrain, medial temporal lobes
  • role in olfaction, emotion and
    memory
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24
Q

Major gyri:

A
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25
Medial View: Gyri:
under the tooth like structure is parahippocampal gyri tooth like structure is the optic chiasm
26
Inferior view of the brain: Label the gyri:
insert diagram look up? check complete anatomy
27
Organisation of the brain:
28
Functional Cortical Areas:
29
Broca's Area: - location - function - lesion would cause
- unilateral (left hemisphere if right handed person), anterior brain, frontal lobe, circular - language production - expressive dysphasia; cant produce full language needed, can't produce sentence - not fluent
30
Wernicke's Area Function: - location - function - lesion would cause
- unilateral (left hemisphere if right handed person), posterior brain, parietal/temporal lobes, circular - language comprehension - receptive dysphasia; can produce sentence but will not make sense - fluent
31
Which cortical areas are found on both hemispheres of the brain?
- primary motor cortex - primary somatosensory cortex - process info from and send info to the opposite side eg the info from the right side of the body crosses over to the left hemisphere
32
Somatotopic Organisation Definition:
within the functional areas, different parts of the body are mapped to specific areas of the cortex
33
Somatotopic Organisation: Homuncules:
little man sitting with feet in the lateral fissure and rest of the body flung around
34
Somatotopic Organisation:
35
Our language centre's are unilateral.
- only located on one side of the brain (broca and wernicke's) - generally left hemisphere of brain as most people are right handed (crosses over)
36
Classes of White Matter Tracts in the Brain (3):
- Projection Fibers - Association Fibers - Commissural Fibers
37
Projection Fibers (3):
- connect groups of neurons within the CNS - travels up the spinal cord, connects to a nucli in the brain and then projects to area required
38
Association Fibers:
- connect different parts of the cerebral cortex
39
Commissural Fibers:
- connect EQUIVALENT areas of the two sides of the brain
40
General Classes of Tracts in the Brain:
41
Internal Capsule: - Label - Type of Fiber - Function
- projection fiber - two-way tract for the transmission of information to and from the cerebral cortex. - Long part of axon of neuron
42
Fornix: - Label - Type of Fiber - Function
- Projection Fiber - connects the mammillary bodies with the hippocampi; connecting the frontal and temporal parts of the limbic system
43
Corpus Callosum: - Label - Type of Fiber - Function
- Commissural Fiber - connects the right and left hemispheres and functionally related structures
44
What view of the brain is shown below? What is labelled below?
Corpus calluses Transverse view
45
What view of the brain is shown below? What is shown below?
Coronal view
46
Corpus Callosum: Transverse View: Label the Genu and Splenium:
genu is anterior inner curve splenium is posterior curve body isn't visible as it the cut is too low
47
What are the two types of association fibers?
- long fibers; spanning the entire length on one side of the brain - short fibers loop between the cortical areas
48
Association Fiber Types
49
What are basal ganglia?
collections of cell bodies (grey matter) deep within each hemisphere involved in movement
50
Basal Ganglia Functions:
- process information related to emotions, motivation and cognition - Regulate movement: - initiation of movement - switching between motor programs - inhibit antagonistic and unnecessary movements - regulate force of movement
51
Neural Components of Basal Ganglia: State:
- caudate nucleus - putamen - globus pallidus
52
Caudate Nucleus:
- neural component of basal ganglia - c-shaped nuclei located in the frontal lobe - head region curves and extends to form elongated body tapering at tail and ending at the temporal lobe
53
What is shown below?
54
Putamen:
- neural component of basal ganglia - large rounded nuclei in forebrain - connected to caudate nucleus at head region of the caudate - quite lateral coronally - sits within the insular lobe
55
What is labelled below?
the putamen
56
Globus Pallidus:
- neural component of basal ganglia - externus: relays info between other basal ganglia nuclei and the internal globus pallidus - internal: sends output to the thalamus - just medial to putamen - difference in colour to putamen
57
What is shown below?
58
What neural components of the basal ganglia make up the Striatum?
Caudate Nucleus + Putamen
59
What neural components of the basal ganglia make up the Lentiform Nucleus?
Putamen + Globus Pallidus
60
What neural components of the basal ganglia make up the Corpus Striatum?
Caudate Nucleus + Lentiform Nucleus (Caudate Nucleus + Putamen + Globus Pallidus)
61
The internal capsule is (projection fiber) a white matter structure separating which neural components of the basal ganglia?
Lentiform Nucleus and Caudate Nucleus from the thalamus (carries info past the basal ganglia)
62
Neural Components of Basal Ganglia:
63
Blood Supply to the Brain:
- anterior and posterior circulation co- exist and anastomose via the Circle of Willis - anterior circulation = two internal carotid arteries (from the middle cerebral and anterior cerebral arteries) - posterior circulation = two vertebral arteries (from the subclavian arteries), which form the basilar artery which branches into the posterior cerebral arteries
64
Blood Supply to the Brain:
65
Posterior View of the Circle of Willis:
66
Circle of Willis:
67
When looking at the caudate nucleus in coronal section will always be
lateral to the lateral ventricles
68
Circle of Willis:
69
Cerebellar Blood Supply:
70
Cortical Distribution of the
middle cerebral artery
71
Cortical distribution of
the posterior cerebral artery and the anterior cerebral artery
72
The arterial supply to the basal ganglia comes mainly from the
middle cerebral artery; a continuation of the internal carotid artery the main blood supply is via the lenticulostriate arteries - The arterial supply to the basal ganglia mainly comes from the 4 lenticulostriate arteries on either side, which arise from the middle cerebral artery which is a continuation of the internal carotid artery which is a bifurcation of the common carotid artery which is a branch of the arch of the aorta on the left and a branch of the brachiocephalic trunk on the right
73
Blood supply to Basal Ganglia:
74
Which artery is affected?
Middle Cerebral Artery = more lateral anterior cerebral would be more midline
75
Angiogram: Anterior Circulation:
- normal circumstance anterior and posterior communicating arteries are closed - classic circle of willis seen in 34.5% - common variations are: - one small posterior communicating and one large - anterior communicating large
76
Angiogram: Posterior Circulation:
77
Posterior circulation
insert diagram
78
If you lose circulation in the anterior cerebral artery,
because it supplies the internal surface of the brain, you will lose motor and sensory information in your lower limb
79
If you lose circulation in the middle cerebral artery,
loss of motor and sensory information to upper body - If you lose circulation in the middle cerebral artery you lose motor and sensory supply in the upper limbs because it supplies the part of the brain hence where the arms of homunculus lie in the lateral fissure
80
Identify the labelled structure.
Middle Cerebral Artery running between temporal lobe and rest of the brain.
81
What type of deficit would a patient experience if there was an injury to the highlighted area?
Receptive dysphasia (Wernicke's Area)
82
What type of white matter fibres/tract is the corpus callosum? - projection fibers - association fibers - commissural fibers
commissural fibers
83
Identify the labelled structure.
Putamen

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