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NSB > Anatomy of the Eyeball and Visual Pathways > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Eyeball and Visual Pathways Flashcards

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1
Q

Orbit and the Eye:

A
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2
Q

Where is the bony orbit located?
How many bones does the bony orbit comprise of?

A
  • viscerocranium
  • 7 bones
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3
Q

Bony Orbit: Location:
- anterior cranial fossa
- maxillary paranasal air sinuses
- nasal cavity
- middle cranial fossa
- zygomatic process, zygomatic
bone

A
  • Anterior cranial fossa = superiorly
  • Maxillary paranasal air sinuses =
    inferiorly
  • Nasal cavity = inferomedially
  • Middle cranial fossa = posteriorly
  • Zygomatic process of maxilla,
    zygomatic bone = laterally
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4
Q

Content of the Bony Orbit:

A
  • eyeball
  • optic nerve
  • extra-ocular muscles
  • lacrimal apparatus
  • neurovascular structures
  • periorbital fat and fascia
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5
Q

Bony Orbit:

A

insert diagram

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6
Q

Bony Orbit:

A

insert diagram

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7
Q

What bones make up the roof of the orbit?

A
  • orbital part of the frontal bone
  • lesser wing of sphenoid bone
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8
Q

What bones make up the medial wall of the bony orbit?

A
  • frontal process of maxilla
  • lacrimal bone
  • ethmoid bone
  • sphenoid bone
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9
Q

Where are the lacrimal and trochlear fossa located on the bony orbit?

A
  • lacrimal fossa = lateral part of roof
  • trochlear fossa = medial part of
    roof
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10
Q

Where are the following foramina located on the bony orbit?

  • anterior and posterior ethmoidal
    foramina
  • optic canal
A
  • superior part of medial wall
  • middle part (inferior to ethmoidal
    foramina) of medial wall
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11
Q

What passes through the anteiror and posterior ethmoidal foramina?

A

ethmoidal vessels and nerves

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12
Q

What passes through the optic canal?

A
  • optic nerve
  • ophthalmic artery
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13
Q

What bones make up the floor of the orbit?

A
  • orbital surface of maxilla
  • zygomatic bone
  • palatine bone
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14
Q

What bones make up the lateral wall of the orbit?

A
  • zygomatic bone
  • greater wing of sphenoid
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15
Q

Where are the following foramina located in the bony orbit?

  • inferior orbital fissure
  • superior orbital fissure
A
  • inferior orbital fissure = lateral
    border of the floor
  • superior orbital fissure = superior
    border of lateral wall
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16
Q

What passes through the inferior orbital fissure?

A
  • CNV5 = maxillary division of
    trigeminal
  • infra-orbital vessels
  • inferior ophthalmic vein
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17
Q

What passes through the superior orbital fissure?

A
  • CNIII = occulomotor
  • CNIV = trochlear
  • CNVI = abducen s
  • CNV1 (ophthalmic nerve branch of
    trigeminals) branches lacrimal,
    frontal and nasocilliary
  • superior ophthalmic vein
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18
Q

Bony Orbit:

A

in lateral zygomatic is blue, sphenoid is orange

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19
Q

Bony Orbit:

A

insert foramina diagram

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20
Q

Orbit Vasculature:

A

ophthalmic artery which arises from the internal carotid artery

Drainage via the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins

can drain anteriorly into tributaries forming the frontal vein or posteriorly into the cavernous sinuses

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21
Q

Vasculature of the Orbit:

A

insert diagram

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22
Q

Vasculature of the Orbit:

A

insert diagram

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23
Q

Infection transmission from the eye:

A
  • ophthalmic veins communicate
    with venous drainage of the face
    and the pterygoid plexus and pass
    posteriorly to drain into the
    cavernous sinus
  • dangerous because thrombosis in
    the cavernous sinuses can
    compress the internal carotid
    artery and hence restrict blood
    supply to the brain (middle
    cerebral and anterior cerebral
    arteries)
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24
Q

Innervation of the Orbit:

A

insert slide

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25
Where is the apex of the bony orbit?
projects posteromedially base projects anteriorly (pyramid with apex inward)
26
Bony Orbit:
insert diagram
27
Nasociliary Nerve: - function
- sensory afferent to - posterior ethmoidal air cells - sphenoid air sinus - eyelids - nose - anterior cranial fossa - intrinsic muscles of the eye
28
Lacrimal Nerve: - function
- sensory afferent to lacrimal gland - ANS - conjunctiva - upper eyelid laterally
29
Frontal Nerve: - function
- sensory afferent to conjunctiva, upper eyelid, forehead
30
Bony Orbit:
insert diagrams
31
Bony Orbit: Innervation:
insert table
32
Autonomic innervation of the Orbit: Parasympathetic Supply: Intrinsic Muscles of the Eye:
- Edinger-Westphal nucleus in midbrain fibers pass through the - oculomotor nerve CNII - ciliary ganglion - short ciliary nerves
33
Parasympathetic Supply to Intrinsic Muscles of the Eye:
insert slide
34
Layers of the Eye:
35
Fascial Sheath:
- surrounds eyeball but not anteriorly over cornea - thickens inferiorly forming the suspensory ligament which holds the eyeball - encloses muscles: lateral rectus, inferior oblique, inferior rectus, medial rectus
36
What are the check ligaments of the eye and what do they do?
- check ligament of lateral rectus muscle - check ligament of medial rectus muscle - continuation of fascia from lateral and medial recti muscles - fix eyeball in orbit - limit movement of eyeball, prevents pupil disappearing within the orbit
37
Function of the Lateral Rectus Muscle:
- pulls on the lateral aspect of the eyeball - abduction of eyeball
38
Function of the Medial Rectus Muscle:
- pulls on the medial aspect of the eyeball - adduct the eyeball
39
Layers of the Eye:
insert diagram
40
The Layers of the Globe:
- external fibrous layer - middle vascular layer - internal neural layer
41
Globe: External Fibrous Layer:
- sclera: dense connective tissue, attachment for extra-ocular muscle after passing through the fascial sheath, white opaque (white of eye) - cornea: transparent, projects over the iris and pupil
42
Globe: Middle vascular Layer:
- choroid: vascular, pigmented - ciliary body: ciliary muscle, ciliary processes, zonular fibers - iris: smooth muscle, coloured part of the eye, dilator and sphincter pupillae
43
Label the middle vascular layers of the eye:
insert diagram
44
Label the external fibrous layers of the eye:
insert diagram
45
Globe: Internal Layer:
- Retina is housed here - non visual part = anteriorly - optic has two aspects: - pigmented layer = external = absorbs excess light and prevents reflections of light - neural layer = internal = neurologically functional, photosensitive layer
46
What separates the non-visual and optic parts of the retina?
ora serrata
47
Globe: Internal Layers:
insert diagram
48
Macula Lutea:
- yellow spot
49
Optic Disc:
- retina - blind spot - cells that are part of the retina are ganglia where axons come together - no functional neural tissue
50
Fovea Centralis:
- middle of macula lutea - important for highest level of visual acuity - sharp defined vision
51
Globe Segments and Chambers:
anterior and posterior segments are divided by the lens anterior segment is further divided into anterior and posterior chambers the posterior segment = the vitreous anterior chamber of anterior segment = cornea and conjunctiva to the iris posterior chamber of anterior segment = iris to lens
52
Globe Structure:
insert slide
53
What does this diagram?
axis of eyeball and orbit is offset muscles move more complicated
54
How many extra-ocular muscles and overall function?
- 7 muscles - 6 move the eyeball - 1 moves the eyelid
55
How to remember extra-ocular muscle actions?
- recti muscles move in the direction of the muscle eg superior = up - superior oblique = depresses, abduct, intort (internal rotation) = down and out - inferior oblique = up and out - levator palpebrae superioris = contract to lift eyelid
56
Extra-ocular muscles: Recti Muscles: - arise - action
- arise from tendenous ring = annulus - pass anteriorly to attach to the anterior aspect of the sclera - superior rectus = upwards - inferior rectus = downwards - medial rectus = adduct - lateral rectus = abduct
57
Extra-ocular Muscles:
insert diagram
58
Extra-ocular Muscles: Obliques:
- from bony orbit itself not annula - attaches to the posterior sclera of globe - superior oblique = anatomical action from trochlea = depresses, abduct, intort (internal rotation) - inferior oblique = from maxilla anatomical origin = elevate, adduct, extort (external rotation)
59
Extra-ocular Muscles: Levator Palpebrae Superioris: - action
contraction elevates eyelid
60
Extra-Ocular Muscle: Actions:
insert slide
61
Which nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle?
- CN IV - trochlear nerve
62
Extra-ocular Muscles:
insert diagram
63
Which nerve innervates the inferior oblique muscle, superior, medial, inferior recti and levatator palpaebrae superioris ?
- oculomotor nerve - CN III
64
Which nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle?
- CN VI - abducens nerve
65
How to remember the innervation of extra-ocular muscles?
- SO4 - LR6 - else 3
66
Function of intrinsic extra-ocular muscles?
- control size of pupil - control shape of lens
67
Intrinsic Extra-ocular muscles and what type of innervation?
- ciliary muscles = parasymp - sphincter pupillae = pns - dilator pupillae = sympathetic = danger, see more
68
Eye diagram:
insert
69
What does the lacrimal apparatus comprise of?
- lacrimal gland - lacrimal canaliculi - lacrimal sac - nasolacrimal duct
70
Where is the lacrimal apparatus located?
within the bony orbit
71
What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?
production, maintenance and drainage of lacrimal fluid from the external surface of the eyeball
72
Lacrimal Apparatus:
insert diagram
73
Lacrimal Gland: - gland type - location - structure
- exocrine - lacrimal fossa in roof of orbit - divided into orbital and palpebral parts by the levator palpebrae superioris
74
Lacrima Gland: Arterial Supply:
Internal carotid artery provides ophthalmic artery which provides the lacrimal artery
75
What nerve innervates the lacrimal apparatus? What type of innervation?
- CNV1 = ophthalmic division of trigeminal - sensory
76
Lacrimal apparatus:
insert diagram
77
Lacrimal Apparatus:
insert diagram
78
Lacrimal Gland innervation:
- parasymp - arises forom superior salivatory nucleus and nucleus intermedius (CNVII) (facial) - branches into the lacrimal nerve
79
Retina Structure:
- 3 neural cell types in neural layer; external to internal - photoreceptor: - rods = dim light sensitive receptors - cones = bright light and colour sensitive receptors - bipolar neurons - ganglion cells = myelinated axons form the optic nerve and leave the eyeball at the optic disc
80
Retina Pathway:
insert diagram
81
Visual Pathway: Nomenclature:
info in superior aspect of nasal field will travel to inferior aspect of temporal field and vice versa up and down, temporal and nasal are reversed for visual field to retinal field cross-over and divergence of fibers at optic chiasm optic tracts to lateral geniculate nucleus in thalamus optic radiations to primary visual cortex = area 17
82
Visual Pathways:
insert diagram
83
highest concentration of cones found in the
fovea centralis
84
85

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