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Describing the Brain Flashcards

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1
Q

Which embryological layer mainly forms the nervous system?

A

Ectoderm

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2
Q

Neurulation is

A

the process through which the nervous system forms (mainly from the ectoderm layer)

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3
Q

Neuralation Steps:

A
  • formation of the neural tube
  • forms from ectoderm layer
  • neuroectoderm cells receive
    inductive signals from the notochord
  • causes neuroectoderm cells to
    thicken forming the neural plate
  • the lateral neural plate margins fold
    inwards to form the neural tube
  • neural crest cells develop along the
    length of the neural folds
  • just below the neural fold is the
    notochord
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4
Q

Neurulation

A
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5
Q

Neural Tube:

A
  • meeting of two neural crests
  • cranial end gives rise to brain
  • most of its length gives rise to the
    spinal cord
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6
Q

Anencephaly:

A
  • failure of the anterior neuropore to
    close (cranial end)
  • fatal
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6
Q

Spina bifida:

A
  • failure of the posterior neural tube
    to close
  • divided by a cleft
  • leads to an open vertebral canal
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6
Q

Spina bifida occulta:

A
  • hidden, vertebral arch defect only
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7
Q

Spina bifida cystica:

A

meninges projects out

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7
Q

Neural Tube:

A
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8
Q

Primary Brain Vesicles:

A
  • vesicle = fluid filled space
  • bulges within the neural tube
  • 3 brain vesicles lead to the
    developments of the main brain
    areas
  • prosencephalon (forebrain),
    mesencephalon (midbrain).
    rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
  • 3-4 week embryo
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9
Q

Primary Brain Vesicles:

A
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10
Q

Secondary Brain Vescicles:

A
  • three primary brain vesicles develop
    into five secondary vesicles
  • prosencephalon leads to
    telencephalon and diencephalon
  • mesencephalon stays the same
  • rhombencephalon leads to
    metencephalon and myelencephalon
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11
Q

Secondary Brain Vesicles:

A
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12
Q

Adult Brain:

A
  • the brain is divided into forebrain,
    midbrain and hindbrain
  • and the structures from which these
    have been developmentally derived
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13
Q

Adult Brain: Forebrain(3):

A
  • cerebral hemispheres
    (telencephalon)
  • Thalamus (diencephalon)
  • Hypothalamus (diencephalon)
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14
Q

Adult Brain: Forebrain:

A

hypothalamus (triangle)

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15
Q

Adult Brain: Midbrain:

A
  • midbrain (mesencephalon) (just below thalamus)
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16
Q

Adult Brain: Midbrain:

A
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17
Q

Adult Brain(3): Hindbrain:

A
  • cerebellum (metencephalon)
  • pons (metencephalon)
  • medulla oblongata (myelencephalon)
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18
Q

Adult Brain: Hindbrain:

A
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19
Q

Cerebrum/Cerebral Hemispheres:

A
  • derived from telencephalon
  • largest component of the brain
  • divided into right and left
    hemispheres
  • comprises of the cerebral
    hemispheres, components of the
    limbic system and the basal ganglia
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20
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres:

A

superior view and mid-sagittal view

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21
Q

The forebrain or cerebral cortex is divided by anatomical landmarks into lobes.

What are gyri and sulci?

A

gyri = projections on the brain
sulci = depressions on the brain

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22
Forebrain: Lobes:
- frontal - parietal - occipital - temporal - insula - limbic?
23
Forebrain: Frontal Lobe: - location (3) - functions (3)
- posterior to frontal bone - anterior to the parietal lobe; separated by the central sulcus - anteriorsuperior to the temporal lobe; separated by the lateral sulcus - primary motor cortex - executive functions (attention) - ability to think and consider
24
Forebrain: Temporal Lobe: - location (2) - functions (3)
- medial to the temporal bone - inferioposterior to the frontal lobe; separated by the lateral sulcus - primary auditory cortex - primary olfactory cortex - implicated in learning and memory
25
Forebrain: Parietal Lobe: - location (3) - function (1)
- medial to the parietal bones - superior to the occipital lobe; separated by the parietooccipital sulcus - posterior to the frontal lobe; separated by the central sulcus - primary somatosensory cortex (pain, touch and proprioception (stimuli produced and perceived within an organism))
26
Forebrain: Occipital Lobe: - location - function (1)
- anterior to the occipital bone - posterior to the parietal lobe; separated by the parietoocipital sulcus - posterior to the temporal lobe - primary visual cortex
27
Forebrain: Lobes: Label the lateral view of the right hemisphere
28
Forebrain: Lobes: Label the medial view of the left hemisphere
29
Forebrain: Insular Lobe: - location (2) - function (2)
- deep within the lateral sulcus - where temporal, parietal and frontal lobes meet - involved in desire, craving, addiction - neuropsychiatric disorders
30
Forebrain: Lobes: What lobe is shown below?
insula lobe
31
What fissure must be opened up to access the insular lobe?
the lateral fissure
32
Where is the lateral fissure located?
Between the parietal,frontal and temporal lobes
33
White Matter: - colour due to - composed of - location - function - function - function - %
- pale due to lipid components - composed of long myelinated axons - found in cortex and surface of spinal cord - transmits both sensory and motor impulses between the PNS and grey matter - controls involuntary functions of body such as BP - communication between different grey areas and grey and rest of body - makes up 60% of the brain
34
Grey Matter:
- pinkish-grey due to neuronal cell bodies and capillary vessels - composed of cell bodies, axon terminals and dendrites - found on the surface of the brain and inside the spinal cord - processes the retrieved informatio from white matter and sends instructions through white matter to effector organs - controls senses of the body - 40%
35
Grey matter is mainly made up of ------, whereas white matter is mainly made up of -------
cell bodies whereas white matter is made up of myelinated axons
36
Coronal section of the brain:
- **thalamus = deep in brain = grey matter = nuclei
37
Corpus Callosum:
- white matter tract linking cerebral hemispheres - divided into three: genu, body, splenium - genu = latin = flexure/bend - splenoid = latin = pad (thick)
38
What is shown here? Which view?
- corpus callosum - midsagittal view
39
What is shown here? Which view?
- corpus callosum - coronal view
40
What is shown here? Which view?
- corpus callosum - midsagittal view
41
What is shown here? Which view?
- corpus callosum - coronal view
42
Deep Brain Structures:
- multitude of brain nuclei and white matter tracts running through them
43
Basal Ganglia:
- deep brain structure - heavily involved in the control of posture and voluntary movement
44
Limbic System: - spans - corpus collosum - structures (4) - functions
- spans the telencephalon and diencephalon - the corpus collosum is not involved - cingulate cortex lies just superior to corpus collosum - fornix = white matter tract = sits on the floor of the lateral ventricles = relay center - thalamus, hypothalamus, mamillary bodies (above is part of frontal lobe) - in the temporal lobe; hippocampus and amygdala - involved in memories, behavioral and emotional responses
45
Label the fornix on the diagram below.
- base of ventricles, two round white matter tracts
46
Hippocampus function:
involved in long term memory formation
47
Amygdala function:
involved in stress and fear response
48
Limbic System:
49
Diencephalon: - comprises of
- thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, mamillary bodies
50
Diencephalon:
note corpus callosum and fornix are not part of the diencephalon but used for orientation
51
All sensory input must pass the
thalamus from where it will be passed to other areas
52
Thalamus: Major Relay Centre:
53
Thalamus: - is - connections - functions
- paired grey matter structure, interconnected between left and right, connected with other diencephalon structures - involved with voluntary movement, personality and consciousness
54
Thalamus: Label:
lies lateral on either side of the third ventricle (which lies inferior to the lateral ventricles which lies under the corpus callosum)
55
Thalamus: Label:
lies lateral on either side of the third ventricle (which lies inferior to the lateral ventricles which lies under the corpus callosum)
56
Hypothalamus: - location (2) - function (2)
- lies inferior to the thalamus, superior to pituitary - heavily involved in homeostatic control - receives inputs from the limbic system
57
58
Brainstem: - derived from the - function (4) - grey or white matter?
- mesencephalon and rhombencephalon - connects the cortex to the spinal cord - vital respiratory and cardiovascular centres - vomiting centre - nuclei involved with motor control, sleep - white matter tracts
59
Highlighted blue region is
the brainstem
60
Cerebellum: - derived from - functions (4)
- metencephalon(rhombencephalon) - motor control - control of posture - co-ordinating and planning limb movements - control of eye movements
61
Cerebellum relation to brainstem is
cerebellum is posterior to the brainstem
62
what is highlighted?
cerebellum
63
What view of brainstem?
Anterior/ventral view of brainstem
64
What view of the brainstem?
Posterolateral view of brainstem
65
medulla oblongata continues as the
spinal cord (myelencephalon)
66
Cerebral Peduncles are
white matter tracts connecting pons with diencephalon
67
Midbrain: External Features:
4 large bulges posteriorly = colliculus
68
Midbrain: Internal Features:
(sliced high up on midbrain) - cerebral peduncles = connects brainstem to thalamus - substantia nigra = darker area = basal gangli = dopamine release - red nucleus = motor coordiantion between cortex and cerebellum
69
Pons:
include cerebellar peduncles
70
The pons is continuous with the cerebellum and sits below the cerebellum. True or False?
False continuous and sits at the same level
71
Pons function
relays information to the cerebellum
72
What structures connect the cerebellum and the pons
- 3 cerebellar peduncles: superior, middle and inferior - transverse fibers - connections between the cerebellum and pons
73
Which is the largest cerebellar peduncle?
Middle cerebellar peduncle
74
Medulla Oblongata: - is - function
- lowest aspect of the brainstem - contains nuclei that are important in controlling respiration and the cardiovascular system
75
Medulla Oblongata:
decussation is where the fibres cross over (right to left)
76
Cerebellum: - location - location of white and gray matter - hemispheres - lobes - contains
- posterior to brainstem - outer gray matter - underlying white matter - two hemispheres - three lobes - contains nuclei
77
Cerebellum Functions:
- motor control - posture - coordinating and planning limb movements - control of eye movements
78
Cerebellum
insert diagram
79
Cerebellum:
insert MRI
80
What connects the cerebellar lobes?
vermis
81
Sagittal view cerebelllum
insert picture
82
What is the marked area?
Parietal lobe
83
What is the marked area?
Corpus Callosum
84
Embryologically, which part of the brain is the pons derived from? - telencephalon - mesencephalon - diencephalon - metencephalon
metencephalon
85
What is the marked area?
Midbrain
86
Identify the labelled structure.
Vermis

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