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Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

Neurotransmitters are —— chemicals

A

Endogenous

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2
Q

Neurotransmitter classification:

What class for dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, serotonin?

A

Monoamines

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3
Q

What are the catecholamines?

A
  • dopamine
  • noradrenaline
  • adrenaline
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4
Q

Neurotransmitter nomenclature: neurones suffix

A

Ergic

Cholinergic etc

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5
Q

Neurotransmitter Nomenclature: Receptors:

A
  • cholinergic receptors
  • dopaminergic receptors
  • adrenoreceptors
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6
Q

Noradrenaline and adrenaline are most important in the —— nervous system

A

Sympathetic: cardiac contraction, release of glucose,

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7
Q

Dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline share the same synthesis pathway.

True or false?

A

True

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8
Q

Dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline come from amino acid tyrosine.

True or False?

A

True

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9
Q

What is the order of synthesis of dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline? Why does synthesis stop?

A
  • Tyrosine
  • dopa
  • dopamine
  • noradrenaline
  • adrenaline
  • synthesis stops depending on the enzymes present in the neurone
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10
Q

Noradrenaline is released by ——— nerve terminals.

Adrenaline is secreted by ———— cells in the ——— ———.

A
  • sympathetic
  • chromaffin cells
  • adrenal medulla
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11
Q

Agonists of alpha adrenoreceptors in order of affinity (highest to lowest):

A

Noradrenaline
Adrenaline
Isoprenaline

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12
Q

Antagonists of alpha adrenoreceptors

A

Phentolamine

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13
Q

Agonists of beta adrenoreceptors in order of affinity

A

Isoprenaline
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline

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14
Q

Antagonists of beta adrenoreceptors:

A

Propranolol

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15
Q

Beta adrenoreceptors are sensitive to up/down regulation.

True or False?

A

True

Regulating expression or numbers of receptors

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16
Q

Alpha 1 adrenoreceptors are mainly post synaptic.

True or False?

A

True

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17
Q

Alpha 2 adrenoreceptors are mainly pre-synaptic.

True or False?

A

False

Both post or pre synaptic

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18
Q

Function of alpha 2 adrenoreceptors on pre-synaptic membrane.

A
  • Control release of noradrenaline
  • mechanism of negative feedback
  • NA released in synaptic cleft and acts upon post synaptic receptors
  • when NA binds to the pre-synaptic receptors, stops the release of NA from pre-synaptic neurone
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19
Q

Fill in the table.

20
Q

Pre-synaptic receptors are generally

A

Involved in feedback mechanisms for example alpha 2 adrenoreceptors

21
Q

Fill in the table.

22
Q

Signal Termination: Adrenergenic transmission in ANS

A
  • main mechanisms vis plasma membrane noradrenaline transporter (NAT or NET)
  • transporter in membrane of pre-synaptic neurone
  • limits action and recycles as re-packaged in vesicles

Minority uptake by non neuronal cells:

  • metabolism of endogenous and exogenous NA and Adr
  • Monoamine oxidases MAO
  • Catech-O-methyl transferase COMT
23
Q

Antidepressants and cocaine inhibit

A

NAT
Other monamine transporters

24
Q

Propranolol stops signs of external anxiety.

True or False?

A

True
Peripheral nervousness
Hand tremors

25
Too much propranolol causes
Tolerance Beta receptors upregulated so more agonists can bind
26
Fill in the table.
27
Fill in the table. Ach receptors.
28
Location of Ach receptors and effect of activation.
29
Signal termination of acetylcholine
Metabolism by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase BuChe
30
The autonomic system regulates
Branches of the nervous system that regulates involuntary functions
31
Complete diagram. Parasympathetic and how to remember.
- parasympathetic, long, at eases so in the end muscarinic receptors
32
Complete diagram. Sympathetic and how to remember.
33
ANS - parasympathetic: - preganglionic neurones
- cell bodies in the grey matter of the brain stem or lateral horn of spinal chord grey matter from S2-S4 - long, synapse with postganglionic neurones at or near organ - release Ach to activate nicotine receptors on postganglionic neurones
34
ANS - Parasympathetic: Postganglionic neurones
- cell bodies are in indistinct ganglia near or on their final target organ (further away from the spinal chord) — short, synapse on the target organ - releases Ach to activate muscarinic receptors on the target organ
35
ANS - Sympathetic: Pre-ganglion if
- cell bodies are in the lateral horn of spinal cord grey matter from T!-L@ hence thoracolumbar - short synapse with postganglionic neurones near spinal chord
36
ANS - Sympathetic: Postganglionic neurones
- cell bodies are in the sympathetic chain, other named ganglia or in the adrenal medulla; closer to the spinal cord - long synapse on the target organ - releases noradrenaline to activate Adrenergenic receptors on target organs
37
ANS - adrenal medulla - sympathetic supply
- postganglionic axons never develop and the chromaffin cells take on endocrine role as not released by neurone - fight or flight - release adrenaline or noradrenaline into the bloodstream - useful for stress reaction, quick use of adrenaline, some NA
38
ANS - sweat glands - which supply - why useful
- effects of the sympathetic nervous system on sweat glands are mediated by muscarinic receptors because in this special case the postganglionic neurones are also cholinergic - cholinergic pre and postganglionic usually para sympathetic but is sympathetic in sweat glands and is the exception - can be useful to detect intoxications or overdose; a drug that affects muscarinic receptors and hence parasympathetic and this special case or sympathetic system affected by drug
39
Fill in diagram.
40
Fill in table.
41
Sympathomimetic drugs
- stimulation, mimicking effect of sympathetic nervous system - adrenoreceptors agonists are directly acting sympathomimetic drugs - alteration of release,metabolism, reuptake: indirectly acting sympathomimetic drugs
42
Sympatholytic drugs
- inhibition (direct and indirect) of sympathetic nervous system
43
Parasympathomimetic drugs
- stimulation of parasympathetic - cholinomimetic or cholinergic
44
Parasympatholytic drugs
Inhibition of parasympathetic nervous system
45
How can we module the ANS to lower blood pressure? Sympathetic Parasympathetic Adverse effects
Parasympathetic: stimulate (agonist) muscarinic receptors, inhibit acetylcholinesterase enzymes to recent reuptake Sympathetic: inhibit (antagonists) alpha 1 receptors, no vasoconstriction, inhibit beta 1 lower heart rate and force of contraction of heart, stimulate beta 2 in blood vessels as vasodilation Adverse: Parasympathetic: bronchoconstriction, visual disturbances, incontinence, salivation Sympathetic: tremors, glycogenolysis, bronchodilator
46
Using a non-selective alpha antagonist to decrease blood pressure was not sustained because
Increases neurotransmitter release as inhibition of alpha 2 So releases noradrenaline concentration which is competing with antagonist and eventually wins increasing blood pressure again

NSB (50 decks)

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