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ANATOMY SEM 3 > anatomy of the nervous system 2 > Flashcards

anatomy of the nervous system 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

cranial nerves (12 pairs) and spinal nerves (31 pairs)

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2
Q

what does the lateral horn consist of?

A

autonomic fibres

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3
Q

describe the spinal tracts of white matter

A
  1. ascending tracts — carry info to the brain from the periphery (sensory)
  2. descending tracts — carry info from the brain to the periphery (motor)
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4
Q

spinothalamic tracts

A
  • lateral and ventral
  • spine —> thalamus —> cortex
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5
Q

name 2 dorsal columns (ascending tracts)

A

fasiculus gracilis — lower limb
fasciculus cuneatus — upper limb

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6
Q

what is a fasciculus?

A

bundle of fibres

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7
Q

describe the sensory pathway

A
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8
Q

lateral vs ventral spinothalamic tract

A

lateral — pain and temperature
ventral — touch and pressure

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9
Q

where does the 3rd order neuron go to in the spinothalamic tract?

A

homonculus

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10
Q

describe the dorsal columns

A
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11
Q

where are the corticospinal tracts?

A

lateral — at back
ventral — by fissure

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12
Q

describe the somatic motor pathway?

A
  • only 2 neurons
  • most cross in medulla
  • upper motor neurone states in precentral gyrus
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13
Q

ventral vs lateral corticospinal tract

A

ventral stays ipsilateral at medulla then crosses, lateral crosses

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14
Q

what are located in the brainstem?

A

sensory nucleus and motor nuclei

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15
Q

how many nerves are there in a cranial pathway?

A

3

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16
Q

what synapses on the sensory nuclei in the brain stem?

A

2nd order neurone

17
Q

where are the nerve cell bodies of CN V, CN VII, and CN IX & X?

A

in the PERIPHERY

CN V = trigeminal ganglion
CN VII = geniculate ganglion
CN IX & X = superior and inferior ganglia

18
Q

where is the nerve cell body of the 2nd order neurone in the general sensory pathways of cranial nerves?

A

trigeminal sensory nucleus of brainstem (regardless of cranial nerve). fibres decussate here

19
Q

ganglion vs nucleus

A

ganglion = collection of NCB outside CNS
nucleus = collection of NCB in CNS

20
Q

where is the NCB of the 3rd order neuron in the general sensory pathways of cranial nerves? where do axons project?

A
  • NCB in VP thalamus
  • axons project to primary sensory cortex
21
Q

what are the 3 subnuclei of the trigeminal sensory nucleus?

A
  1. mesencephalic = in midbrain. proprioception
  2. chief sensory nucleus = touch and pressure
  3. spinal nucleus = pain and temperature
22
Q

from the trigeminal sensory nucelus, ______ fibres go the the _____ nucleus of the _____

A

trigeminothalamic fibres go to the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus

23
Q

some nerves in the corticobulbar tract are bilaterally innervated. what is the exception?

A

hypoglossal nerve CN XII

24
Q

which nerves are bilaterally innervated?

A
  • oculomotor, CN III
  • trochlear, CN IV
  • trigeminal, CN V
  • abducens, CN VI
  • glossopharyngeal, CN IX
  • vagus, CN X
  • accessory, CN XI
25
Q

how is the facial nerve different?

A
  • the facial motor nucleus is made up of 2 parts
  • superior part supplies muscles on upper half of the face — superior half is bilaterally innervated
  • inferior part supplies the muscles on lower half of the face — inferior part is contralaterally innervated
26
Q

what would be the effect of an UMN lesion in the facial nerve?

A
  • superior parts of both sides of face still supplied
  • lower part not supplied of contralateral side to lesion — droopy face
27
Q

what 2 types of receptors are used in the parasympathetic nervous system? neurotransmitter?

A
28
Q

what 2 types of receptors are used in the sympathetic nervous system? neurotransmitter?

A
29
Q

how are postganglionic SYMPATHETIC neurones acting on sweat glands different?

A

release ACh which binds to muscarinic receptors

30
Q

label

A
31
Q

where are nerve cell bodies of preganglionic neurones located?

A

lateral horn of grey matter

32
Q

describe the route of the axon of preganglionic neurons?

A

axons passes in ventral root —> spinal nerve —> ventral rami —> white ramus communicantes

then takes 1 of 3 options

33
Q

at what level is sympathetic outflow?

A

T1-L2

34
Q

what are the 3 options of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons?

A
  1. synapses in paravertebral ganglion at own spinal level
  2. passes up/down the chain to synapse in cervical or pelvic paravertebral ganglion
  3. passes straight through chain to synapse in prevertebral ganglion
35
Q

if the preganglionic sympathetic neuron passes straight through the chain to synapse in a prevertebral ganglion, what is the preganglionic neuron called? where does the postganglionic neuron pass to?

A

splanchnic nerve

post ganglionic neuron passes directly to the effector organ

ANATOMY SEM 3 (22 decks)

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