Anatomy unit 1

Question 1

coronal plane

Answer 1

anterior and posterior (front and back)

Question 2

transverse plane

Answer 2

parallel to the ground, divides top and bottom

Question 3

sagittal plane

Answer 3

cuts body in half to left and right

Question 4

what is a body cavity

Answer 4

an open space within the body, think of putting fist into full balloon.

Question 5

what is tricky about the quadrants of the body?

Answer 5

they are opposite directions for us because they are the side of the patient.
*this is helpful to diagnose and locate pain to further understand what might be the problem

Question 6

what is tissue?

Answer 6

group of cells organized to perform one or more specific functions

Question 7

what are the four types of tissue?

Answer 7

epithelia, connective, muscle, and nervous
*they make up the organ systems of our bodies

Question 8

what is histology?

Answer 8

the study of the microscopic structure of tissues (under a microscope)
*tissue types are defined by their morphology and function

Question 9

what is epithelia tissue?

Answer 9

tightly pack cells, little to no extracellular matrix (ECM)

Question 10

what is the basal surface?

Answer 10

side of tissue that is connected to bones or muscle (the more internal/ deeper side of tissue)

Question 11

what is the apical surface?

Answer 11

side of tissue that comes into contact with the external environment
Ex) stomach or skin

Question 12

what is special about columnar cells?

Answer 12

the nucleus will always be closer to the basal surface

Question 13

how many layers are simple epithelia tissues?

Answer 13

only one single layer thick, found in lung tissue and inner lining of blood vessels (why?- we want rapid gas exchange!)

Question 14

describe simple squamous epithelia

Answer 14

only one cell layer thick, flat, found in lung tissue- for rapid gas exchange

Question 15

describe simple cuboidal epithelia

Answer 15

boxes or cubes, single layer of cells, as tall as they are wide.
Found in kidney tubules, thyroid glands

Question 16

connective tissue

Answer 16

cells are in a supportive matrix
- supports, protects and binds around organs
- made of cells, protein fibers and ground substance

Question 17

what are the cells in connective tissue?

4

Answer 17

fibroblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes and immune cells

Question 18

collagen fibers

Answer 18

long, strong, flexible, resistant to stretch (trunk of tree)

Question 19

reticular fibers

Answer 19

tough, more flexible than collagen, smaller branches from the main trunk

Question 20

elastic fibers

Answer 20

appear wavy, stretch and recoil, smallest branches at the very end of tree

Question 21

what is ground substance?

Answer 21

molucular material, viscous, semisolid or solid. fluid and molecules travel through

Question 22

what are the 5 epidermis layers?

Answer 22

corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

Question 23

what cartilage is the most widespread?

Answer 23

hyaline cartilage

Question 24

two types of cartilage grow?

Answer 24

• interstitial
• appositional

Question 25

what is interstitial cartilage growth?

Answer 25

it grows from within and add length to the bone

Question 26

what is appositional cartilage growth?

Answer 26

it grows from the outside edge and adds width to the bone

Question 27

define ossification

Answer 27

bone growth

Question 28

intramembranous ossification

Answer 28

bone formation that takes place in flat bones such as the skull *this step comes after appositional growth* ex) hip bone, scapula

Question 29

endochondral ossification

Answer 29

- how long bones develop - begins 8-12 weeks of gestation and continues throughout life - puberty is the 'endpoint' of bone growth - embryonic cartilaginous model is gradually replaced by bone

Question 30

osteon

Answer 30

basic building block of compact bone (grows like a tree)

Question 31

central canal

Answer 31

hole in middle of osteon, blood vessel is in the middle

Question 32

lamellae

Answer 32

thin membrane layer, rings of osteon

Question 33

canaliculi

Answer 33

a small duct, connects osteocytes to one another, allows to pass nutrients and allows communication

Question 34

lacunae

Answer 34

gaps or cavities containing bone cells, little baby nodes between rings (lamellae)

Question 35

describe nonciliated simple columnar epithelia

Answer 35

single layer of conciliated cells, taller than wide, nucleus is closer to basal surface.

Question 36

what do goblet cells do?

Answer 36

secrete mucus, found in most of the digestive tract

Question 37

describe ciliated simple columnar

Answer 37

single layer of ciliated cells, oval shape, found in lungs and trachea (help rid mucus), found in uterine tube

Question 38

ciliated pseudo stratified columnar

Answer 38

single layer of cells varying heights, goblet cells, all cells connect to basal membrane, but not all reach apical surface. found in nasal cavity

Question 39

keratinized stratified squamous

Answer 39

multilayered, basal cells are alive and cuboidal, apical surfaces are squamous, dead and filled with protein (keratin). Found in epidermis (which is why we don't bleed right away)

Question 40

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

Answer 40

multiple layers, basal cells are cuboidal, apical = squamous, superficial cells are kept moist. Found in mouth, vagina and anus

Question 41

stratified cuboidal

Answer 41

two or more layers of cells, tall as they are wide. Found in exocrine glands, and ovarian follicles

Question 42

transitional epithelia

Answer 42

changes shape whether tissue is relaxed or distended (stretched). Found in uterus and bladder

Question 43

skeletal muscle

Answer 43

striated, voluntary, multinucleate, really long cylinders.

Question 44

cardiac muscles

Answer 44

striated, involuntary! pumping of heart Cells: short, split/branched, intercalated discs

Question 45

what are intercalated discs?

Answer 45

gap junctions, which promote rapid conduction

Question 46

smooth muscle

Answer 46

no striations, involuntary, one nuclei, cells: spindle shaped, taper off at ends. Found in intestines,, bladder, eyes, uterus. Propels materials through organs (ex: childbirth)

Question 47

describe nervous tissue

Answer 47

structure: neurons, glial cells found in: spinal cord, brain, nerves function: receive, process and transmit nerve impulses, protect, nourish, and support neurons

Question 48

ground substance + protein fibers =?

Answer 48

ECM (extracellular matrix)

Question 49

what is areolar CT?

Answer 49

cell: fibroblast few elastic and collagen fibers lots of blood vessels Found in: deeper layer of skin subcutaneous layer under skin

Question 50

what is adipose CT?

Answer 50

no fibers cell: adipocyte - nucleus pushed to side, surrounded by fat - highly vascularized- lots of blood vessels found in subcutaneous layer - surrounds and covers organs

Question 51

what is reticular CT?

Answer 51

cell: fibroblast - lots of white blood cells - viscous (watery) ground substance - reticular vibers: only found in reticular tissue found in spleen, lymph nodes

Question 52

what is dense regular CT?

Answer 52

cell: fibroblast - densely packed collagen - not well vascularized found in tendons and ligaments-- lots of strength

Question 53

what is dense irregular CT?

Answer 53

cell: fibroblast - randomly arranged collagen fibers - more ground substance than dense regular - highly vascularized - found in skin layers - found covering bones, muscles and nerves

Question 54

what is elastic CT?

Answer 54

cell: fibroblast (few) - densely packed elastic fibers- which allow for most elasticity found in arteries, trachea, and vocal cords

Question 55

hyaline cartilage

Answer 55

cell: chondrocyte - glassy appearance of ground substance - few collagen fibers - found in nose, trachea, bronchi and costal cartilage (connects ribs to sternum)