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Human Anatomy > Respiratory/ Endocrine > Flashcards

Respiratory/ Endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

what is included in the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • sinuses
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • oral cavity
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2
Q

what is included in the lower respiratory tract?

A
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
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3
Q

functions of the respiratory system

A

gas exchange, gas conditioning, sound production, olfaction, defense

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4
Q

what are the two types of gas exchange?

A

external and internal respiration

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5
Q

external respiration

A

between atmosphere and blood, occurs in lungs

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6
Q

internal respiration

A

between blood and cells of the body

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7
Q

what is gas conditioning?

A

inhaled gas is “conditioned” (warmed/ moistened)

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8
Q

how does defense fit with the respiratory system?

A

mucus glands, nose hairs, nasal concha, protects against pathogens and microorganisms

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9
Q

pharynx

A

originates posterior to nasal/ oral cavity, “throat”
3 subcategories:
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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10
Q

describe the nasopharynx

A

*conducts air, peduostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, pharyngeal tonsils on posterior wall

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11
Q

describe the oropharynx

A

*conducts air, passageway for food, nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia, posterior to oral cavity, extends between soft palate and level of hyoid bone
(LO= food and air)

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12
Q

describe the laryngopharynx

A

*conducts air, passageway for food, nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia, extends from level of hyoid bone to start of esophagus
(LO= food and air)

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13
Q

larynx functions

A

passageway for air, prevents ingested food from entering respiratory tract, produces sound for speech, participates in sneeze and cough reflexes

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14
Q

vocal and vestibular ligaments

A

both originate on inner anterior part of thyroid cartilage and insert onto anterior aspect of arytenoid cartilages

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15
Q

trachea features (4)

A

tracheal cartilage, angular ligaments, trachealis muscle, psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelia

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16
Q

what is tracheal cartilage

A

“C” shaped hyaline cartilage rings that hold airway open, ~15-20 in an adult

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17
Q

what are angular ligaments

A

elastic CT sheets, connect tracheal cartilages

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18
Q

what is the trachealis muscle

A

hold end of “C” shape together, distention of muscle when swallowing.
Esophagus is directly posterior to trachea

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19
Q

what does the psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelia in the trachea do?

A

produces productive mucous made by goblet cells

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20
Q

branches of the brachial tree

A

main, lobar, segmental, smaller

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21
Q

main bronchi

A

first two branches off trachea

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22
Q

lobar bronchi

A

they go to separate lobes of lungs. 3 on right, 2 on left

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23
Q

segmental bronchi

A

next level division off each lobar bronchi

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24
Q

smaller bronchi

A

become smaller and smaller, eventually becoming bronchioles and then becoming alveolar clusters

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25
differences between L/R lunch bronchi?
Right: more straight & inferior Left: more laterally, only has 2 lobes, needs to avoid the heart
26
list the bronchiole progression
smaller bronchi-- terminal bronchiole-- respiratory bronchiole-- alveolar ducts-- alveoli
27
alveolar sacs
surrounded by elastic fibers and pulmonary capillary beds
28
parietal pleura
attach to thoracic wall and diaphragm - outer pleural layer
29
visceral pleura
adhered directly to the surface on lungs
30
pleural cavity
space between visceral and parietal pleura *surfactant: keeps tension between lungs and thoracic wall to prevent lungs from collapsing
31
what is surfactant
keeps tension between lungs and thoracic wall to prevent lungs from collapsing
32
features of the right lung
- superior/middle/inferior lobe - horizontal fissure (separates inf. and sup. lobes) - oblique fissure (separates inf. and middle and sup. lobes)
33
features of the left lung
- superior/inferior lobe - oblique fissure - cardiac notch - lingula
34
hilum
bronchi and blood vessels enter and exit lung
35
costodiaphragm
space between diaphragm and wall of thoracic cavity **needle can be inserted to remove fluid or equalize pressure
36
diaphragm
large skeletal muscle separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities *mainly in charge of respiration
37
endocrine system
regulates diverse processes in the body How? secrete hormones into blood stream
38
what are the glands in the endocrine system?
pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal
39
organs/ structures with endocrine cells
hypothalamus, thymus, heart, kidney, digestive system, pancreas, testes (male), ovaries (female)
40
what do both the nervous and endocrine systems have in common
they both use pathways to bring a signal to their effector organ or tissue.
41
how many pathways of control in endocrine communication?
3 - produces regulatory hormones that stimulate or inhibit anterior pituitary hormone secretion - produces ADH and oxytocin, stored in/ released from posterior pituitary gland - hypothalamus is control center of ANS; stimulates hormone secretion of adrenal medulla via sympathetic innervation
42
anterior pituitary components
- pars tuberalis - pars intermedia - pars distalis
43
what is pars tuberalis?
thin wrapping around the infundibular stalk (infundibulum)
44
what is pars intermedia
thin boundary between anterior and posterior pituitary
45
what is pars distalis?
- large anterior portion of anterior pituitary - sits in the hypophyseal fossa in sella turcica of sphenoid bone
46
what are the 4 anterior pituitary gland hormones?
thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH) prolactin follicle- stimulating & luteinizing hormone (FSH & LH) growth hormone (GH)
47
what does thyroid- stimulating hormone do?
TSH stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone
48
what does prolactin do?
PRL acts on mammary glands to simulate milk production
49
what does follicle- stimulating & luteinizing hormone do?
FSH & LH act on gonads (testes/ovaries) to stimulate development of gametes (sperm/ egg cells) and releases hormones
50
what does growth hormone do?
GH stimulates release of insulin like growth factor (IGF) from liver which acts on all body tissues, especially bone, cartilage, muscle, and adipose CT to stimulate growth
51
posterior pituitary components
- infundibular stalk - pars nervosa
52
what is the infundibular stalk?
connection between infundibular and posterior pituitary gland
53
what is the pars nervosa?
rounded lobe that composes the main portion of posterior pituitary
54
posterior pituitary tracts and nuclei
oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone
55
what does oxytocin do?
produced in the **paraventricular nucleus** of the hypothalamus and moved into the posterior pituitary for storage via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
56
what does antidiuretic hormone do?
ADH produced in **supraoptic nucleus** of the hypothalamus and move into posterior pituitary for storage via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
57
what gland is the largest endocrine gland?
thyroid gland
58
describe the thyroid gland
- R/L lobes connected by an isthmus - anterior to trachea and below thyroid cartilage - parathyroid glands found on posterior side
59
what are the thyroid hormones
thyroid hormone (TH) calcitonin
60
what is thyroid hormone
TH produced by follicular cells of thyroid gland
61
what is calcitonin
- produced by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland - **reduced calcium levels in the body; decreases reabsorption by osteoclasts** and increases calcium loss through calcium (TOO HIGH CALCIUM LEVELS)
62
what is parathyroid hormone
PTH - produced by cells in parathyroid gland - **increases calcium levels in blood through bone reabsorption ** - function against calcitonin. both deal with calcium but do opposite function (NOT ENOUGH CALCIUM)
63
structures in the adrenal glands
cortex and medulla
64
what is the cortex
- outer layer of adrenal gland - stimulated by ACTH from anterior pituitary - hormones: release aldosterone (electrolytes), glucocorticoids (stress) and gonadocortioids (sex)
65
what is the medulla
- inner layer of adrenal gland - nervous stimulation by preganglionic axons of sympathetic ANS - hormones: epinephrine and norepinephrine (prolong fight/flight response)--- why people feel shaky after fight/ flight event
66
what is the pancreas
helps with digestion, divided into 4 regions: head, neck, body and tail
67
what are the hormones is the pancreas?
glucagon and insulin
68
what is glucagon
produced by pancreatic islet cells - increases blood glucose levels, glycogen breakdown in liver cells, lipid breakdown in adipose cells - released if the body needs more glucose in system
69
what is insulin
produced by pancreatic islet cells - decreases glucose levels in body, glucose transport into target cells promotes lipid formation and storage
70
what is glycogen
what glucose is converted into for storage
71
what is the pineal gland
- secrete melatonin which makes us drowsy - in charge of our sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm)
72
what is the thymus
- site of maturation of T-lymphocytes in children - large in children/ adolescence - diminishes in size as we age (found as non functioning fat tissue in adults)
73

Human Anatomy (11 decks)

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