Reproductive (all) Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
function of reproductive system
A
continuing the human race
regulates sex hormones involved with determination of sex (male or female) and secondary characteristics such as breasts or defined muscles
2
Q
what is the notation for the different sexes?
A
male: XY
female: XX
3
Q
perineum
A
diamond shaped area between the thighs
anterior border is pubic symphysis, later border is ischial tuberosity and posterior border is coccyx
4
Q
urogenital triangle
A
contain clitoris, urethral and vaginal offices in females, and base of penis and scrotum in males
5
Q
anal triangle
A
location of anus in both sexes
6
Q
uterus
A
where a fetus grows, contains a lining that sheds known as a females’ period
7
Q
ovary
A
site of female gamete production, storage and release
8
Q
fallopian tube
A
extension of uterus that gamete (egg) travels down from ovary to uterus
9
Q
cervix
A
narrowing and distal end of uterus that separates internal uterine environment from the outside
10
Q
vagina
A
inferior most part that contracts the uterus to the outside of the body
11
Q
ligaments in female reproductive system
A
broad ligament
suspensory ligament
ovarian ligament
round ligament
12
Q
what is the broad ligament?
A
covers whole uterus, tubes and ovaries to hold them in place and protect them. Divided in 3 sections.
1. Mesometrium: covers the uterus
2. mesosalpinx: covers fallopian tube
3. mesovarium: attaches ovaries to the rest of the broad ligament
13
Q
what is the suspensory ligament?
A
attaches to the later edge of each ovary and connects it to the lateral pelvic wall
- ovarian artery and vein run within this ligament to supply the ovaries
14
Q
what is the ovarian ligament?
A
connects the ovary to the uterus to hold it in place
15
Q
what is the round ligament?
A
originates on the lateral exterior wall of the uterus and projects down through the inguinal area to attach to the labia majora
16
Q
hilum
A
in ovary, where the mesovarium attaches to the ovary
17
Q
tunica albuginea
A
connective tissue capsule that surrounds ovary
18
Q
cortex
A
outer ‘edge’ of ovary tissue that contains ovarian follicles
19
Q
medulla
A
inner portion composed of areolar CT and contains ovarian blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
20
Q
uterine part
A
connects rest of the fallopian tube to the uterus, narrowest part
21
Q
isthmus of fallopian tubes
A
extends medially from the ampulla toward the lateral wall of uterus and forms 1/3 of the fallopian tube
22
Q
ampulla
A
expanded region of the fallopian tube. Fertilization of secondary oocyte usually occurs here
23
Q
infundibulum
A
free, funnel-shaped, lateral margin of tube
- has any finger- like fimbriae that rests on top of ovary during ovulation, but not directly attached
24
Q
fundus of uterus
A
broad, curved superior regions extending between the lateral attachments of the fallopian tubes
25
body of uterus
major part, middle region composed of thick walls of smooth muscle.
Contains the majority of the uterus lumen
26
isthmus of uterus
narrow, constricted inferior region of body that is directly superior to cervix
27
cervix of uterus
narrow inferior portion of uterus that projects into the vagina
- **cervix**: protrusion of inferior end of uterus into the vagina
- **external os**: small opening of cervix that opens into lumen of the uterus
28
layers of the uterus
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
29
what is the perimetrium
outer tunic serosa, continuos with broad ligament
30
what is the myometrium
thick muscular layer composed on 3 intertwining layers of smooth muscle, in charge of contractions and cramps
31
what is the endometrium
simple columnar epithelia with an underlying lamina propria
- **basal layer**: adjacent to myometrium and permanent
- **functional layer**: grows during puberty and shed as menses if fertilization doesn't take place
32
describe the vagina
- thick walled fibromuscular tube that forms the innermost region that connects the uterus to the outside of body
- functions as birth canal
- copulatory organ, receives penis during intercourse
- passageway of menstruation
- contains the vaginal orifice
33
what is the vaginal orifice?
external opening of the vagina to the exterior of the body
34
mons pubis
expanse of skin and subcutaneous tissue immediately anterior to pubic symphysis
35
labia majora
paired, thick folds of skin and CT
contains sweat glands and covered in pubic hair
36
labia minora
paired, folds internal to labia majora
no hair, highly vascularized CT
37
vestibule of vagina
space between the labia minora
38
vestibular glands openings
paired gland openings onto vulvar surface
39
prepuce and glans of clitoris
very end of the clitoris (glans) covered by a fold of the labia minora (prepuce)
40
body of clitoris
formed by 2 small erectile bodies called corpora cavernosa
41
crus of clitoris
extensions of each bodies that attach to the pubic arch
42
bulb of vestibule of vagina
erectile body on either side of the vaginal orifice that becomes erect during intercourse
43
greater vestibular glands
paired glands that secrete mucin which forms mucus to act as a lubricant for vagina. Secretion increases during intercourse
44
suspensory ligaments
fibrous connective bands that extend from the skin to attach to the deep fascia overlying pectorals major muscle to support breasts
45
lobes of mammary glands
divisions of mammary glands
- further divided into lobules and further divided into alveoli that produce milk
46
lactiferous ducts
drains breast milk from a single breast lobe.
Widens and drains into the sinus as it approaches the nipple
47
lactiferous sinus
space where milk is stored prior to release from nipple
48
areola
pigmented ring of skin around nipple
areolar glands: sebaceous glands that form a bumpy surface
49
nipple
cylindrical projection of the center of breast.
Contains multiple openings of excretory ducts that transport breast milk
50
what is the primary sex organ for males?
testes
- penis is the male organ of copulation: urethra travels from the bladder through penis to transport urine outside body
51
accessory reproductive organs for males
complex set of ducts and tubules leading from the testes to the penis, a group of male accessory glands and the penis
52
scrotum
skin covered sac between thighs that provides a cooler environment needed for normal sperm development
53
external anatomy of the scrotum
- raphae: ridgelike seam at the midline
- scrotum wall: external layer of skin, directly underneath the skin is a thin layer superficial
- fascia covers a smooth muscle called the dartos muscle (which is responsible for pulling the testes closer to the body for warmth)
54
spermatic cord
blood vessels and nerves to the testes travel from within the abdomen to scrotum
- originates in inguinal canal
55
what is the inguinal canal
a tubelike passageway through the inferior abdominal wall
56
spermatic cord wall
extension of the abdominal wall
- internal spermatic fascia
- cremaster muscle
- external spermatic fascia
57
what is the cremaster muscle from spermatic cord wall?
formed from muscle fiber
58
what is the external spermatic fascia from spermatic cord wall?
formed from external oblique muscle fascia
59
vas deferens
duct that connects testes with the outside of the body to move sperm out through the penis
60
testicular artery
single artery that is a direct branch off the abdominal aorta to supply the testes
61
pampiniform plexus
network of veins that surround the artery to regulate temp of blood going to the testes
62
autonomic nerves of spermatic cord
travels with these vessels and innervates the testes
63
what are testes?
produce sperm and androgens
Testes are divided into lobules, separated by projections of the tunica albuginea called septa. Each lobule contains coiled seminiferous tubules which is where cells that become sperm and support sperm generation are located
64
what is the tunica vaginalis
visceral and parietal layers that cover testes. separated layers by serous fluid
65
tunica albuginea
thick fibrous capsule covering whole testes, deep to the visceral layer. Rigid
66
describe sperm movement
- sperm develop initially into seminiferous tubules located in the lobules of testes
- passing through the ducts, they enter the epidermis where sperm are stored until mature
(if sperm don't leave the body, they are reabsorbed)
- From the epididymis, sperm will travel into vas deferens up into abdominal cavity
67
ejaculatory duct
conducts sperm from the vas deferens and seminal fluid from seminal vesicle toward the prostate urethra
68
root of penis
dilated internal to the body and composed of the bulb, crura, body, and glans of penis
69
bulb of penis
internal extensions of corpus spongiosum (erectile tissue)
70
crura of penis
two internal extensions of corpus cavernosa (extra erectile tissue)
71
body of penis
shaft, elongated movable portion, composed of 3 cylindrical erectile bodies
72
glans of penis
very tip of penis covered by a prepuce (foreskin)
73
external urethral orifice
found at the tip of glans of penis to provide an exit for urine and semen
74
corpora cavernosa
- paired erectile bodies
- make up the dorsal part of penis
- each have a central artery running through that supplies blood to bodies for erection
- bound together by tunica albuginea
- filled with venous spaces where blood fills them and makes them rigid
75
corpus spongiosum
- inferior erectile body that houses the spongy urethra
- runs along midline and underside of penis
- also bound in tunica albuginea
76
what is the purpose for glands in the male repro system?
to produce fluid that helps neutralize the acidity of the vagina, otherwise sperm would not survive. It also nourishes sperm as they potentially travel through female repro system.
77
seminal vesicle
Located on the posterior surface of urinary bladder, lateral to ampulla
- medial portion connects with ampulla to form ejaculatory duct
- fluid secreted contains fructose, prostaglandins and bicarbonate
79
bulboreurethral gland
Paired glands within the pelvic floor muscles on either side of membranous urethra.
- secrete a clear viscous mucin that forms mucus (which lubricates urethra prior to ejaculation)
80
prostate gland
Walnut shaped, immediately inferior to the bladder
- fluid contains citric acid, seminal plasmin and prostate-specific antigen
81
what is the homologous structure to an ovary?
testes
82
what is the homologous structure to the clitoris?
glans of penis
83
what is the homologous structure to the labia minora?
body of penis
84
what is the homologous structure to the labia majora?
scrotum
85
what is the homologous structure to the greater vestibular gland?
bulbourethral gland
86
continuing the human race
regulates sex hormones involved with determination of sex (male or female) and secondary characteristics such as breasts or defined muscles
function of reproductive system
87
male: XY
female: XX
what is the notation for the different sexes?
88
diamond shaped area between the thighs
anterior border is pubic symphysis, later border is ischial tuberosity and posterior border is coccyx
perineum
89
contain clitoris, urethral and vaginal offices in females, and base of penis and scrotum in males
urogenital triangle
90
location of anus in both sexes
anal triangle
91
91
where a fetus grows, contains a lining that sheds known as a females' period
uterus
92
site of female gamete production, storage and release
ovary
93
extension of uterus that gamete (egg) travels down from ovary to uterus
fallopian tube
94
narrowing and distal end of uterus that separates internal uterine environment from the outside
cervix
95
inferior most part that contracts the uterus to the outside of the body
vagina
96
broad ligament
suspensory ligament
ovarian ligament
round ligament
ligaments in female reproductive system
97
covers whole uterus, tubes and ovaries to hold them in place and protect them. Divided in 3 sections.
1. Mesometrium: covers the uterus
2. mesosalpinx: covers fallopian tube
3. mesovarium: attaches ovaries to the rest of the broad ligament
what is the broad ligament?
98
attaches to the later edge of each ovary and connects it to the lateral pelvic wall
- ovarian artery and vein run within this ligament to supply the ovaries
what is the suspensory ligament?
99
connects the ovary to the uterus to hold it in place
what is the ovarian ligament?
100
originates on the lateral exterior wall of the uterus and projects down through the inguinal area to attach to the labia majora
what is the round ligament?
101
in ovary, where the mesovarium attaches to the ovary
hilum
102
connective tissue capsule that surrounds ovary
tunica albuginea
103
outer 'edge' of ovary tissue that contains ovarian follicles
cortex
104
inner portion composed of areolar CT and contains ovarian blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
medulla
105
connects rest of the fallopian tube to the uterus, narrowest part
uterine part
106
extends medially from the ampulla toward the lateral wall of uterus and forms 1/3 of the fallopian tube
isthmus of fallopian tubes
107
expanded region of the fallopian tube. Fertilization of secondary oocyte usually occurs here
ampulla
108
free, funnel-shaped, lateral margin of tube
- has any finger- like fimbriae that rests on top of ovary during ovulation, but not directly attached
infundibulum
109
broad, curved superior regions extending between the lateral attachments of the fallopian tubes
fundus of uterus
110
major part, middle region composed of thick walls of smooth muscle.
Contains the majority of the uterus lumen
body of uterus
111
narrow, constricted inferior region of body that is directly superior to cervix
isthmus of uterus
112
narrow inferior portion of uterus that projects into the vagina
- **cervix**: protrusion of inferior end of uterus into the vagina
- **external os**: small opening of cervix that opens into lumen of the uterus
cervix of uterus
113
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
layers of the uterus
114
outer tunic serosa, continuos with broad ligament
what is the perimetrium
115
thick muscular layer composed on 3 intertwining layers of smooth muscle, in charge of contractions and cramps
what is the myometrium
116
simple columnar epithelia with an underlying lamina propria
- **basal layer**: adjacent to myometrium and permanent
- **functional layer**: grows during puberty and shed as menses if fertilization doesn't take place
what is the endometrium
117
- thick walled fibromuscular tube that forms the innermost region that connects the uterus to the outside of body
- functions as birth canal
- copulatory organ, receives penis during intercourse
- passageway of menstruation
- contains the vaginal orifice
describe the vagina
118
external opening of the vagina to the exterior of the body
what is the vaginal orifice?
119
expanse of skin and subcutaneous tissue immediately anterior to pubic symphysis
mons pubis
120
paired, thick folds of skin and CT
contains sweat glands and covered in pubic hair
labia majora
121
paired, folds internal to labia majora
no hair, highly vascularized CT
labia minora
122
space between the labia minora
vestibule of vagina
123
paired gland openings onto vulvar surface
vestibular glands openings
124
very end of the clitoris (glans) covered by a fold of the labia minora (prepuce)
prepuce and glans of clitoris
125
formed by 2 small erectile bodies called corpora cavernosa
body of clitoris
126
extensions of each bodies that attach to the pubic arch
crus of clitoris
127
erectile body on either side of the vaginal orifice that becomes erect during intercourse
bulb of vestibule of vagina
128
paired glands that secrete mucin which forms mucus to act as a lubricant for vagina. Secretion increases during intercourse
greater vestibular glands
129
fibrous connective bands that extend from the skin to attach to the deep fascia overlying pectorals major muscle to support breasts
suspensory ligaments
130
divisions of mammary glands
- further divided into lobules and further divided into alveoli that produce milk
lobes of mammary glands
131
drains breast milk from a single breast lobe.
Widens and drains into the sinus as it approaches the nipple
lactiferous ducts
132
space where milk is stored prior to release from nipple
lactiferous sinus
133
pigmented ring of skin around nipple
areolar glands: sebaceous glands that form a bumpy surface
areola
134
cylindrical projection of the center of breast.
Contains multiple openings of excretory ducts that transport breast milk
nipple
135
testes
- penis is the male organ of copulation: urethra travels from the bladder through penis to transport urine outside body
what is the primary sex organ for males?
136
complex set of ducts and tubules leading from the testes to the penis, a group of male accessory glands and the penis
accessory reproductive organs for males
137
skin covered sac between thighs that provides a cooler environment needed for normal sperm development
scrotum
138
- raphae: ridgelike seam at the midline
- scrotum wall: external layer of skin, directly underneath the skin is a thin layer superficial
- fascia covers a smooth muscle called the dartos muscle (which is responsible for pulling the testes closer to the body for warmth)
external anatomy of the scrotum
139
blood vessels and nerves to the testes travel from within the abdomen to scrotum
- originates in inguinal canal
spermatic cord
140
a tubelike passageway through the inferior abdominal wall
what is the inguinal canal
141
extension of the abdominal wall
- internal spermatic fascia
- cremaster muscle
- external spermatic fascia
spermatic cord wall
142
formed from muscle fiber
what is the cremaster muscle from spermatic cord wall?
143
formed from external oblique muscle fascia
what is the external spermatic fascia from spermatic cord wall?
144
duct that connects testes with the outside of the body to move sperm out through the penis
vas deferens
145
single artery that is a direct branch off the abdominal aorta to supply the testes
testicular artery
146
network of veins that surround the artery to regulate temp of blood going to the testes
pampiniform plexus
147
travels with these vessels and innervates the testes
autonomic nerves of spermatic cord
148
produce sperm and androgens
Testes are divided into lobules, separated by projections of the tunica albuginea called septa. Each lobule contains coiled seminiferous tubules which is where cells that become sperm and support sperm generation are located
what are testes?
149
visceral and parietal layers that cover testes. separated layers by serous fluid
what is the tunica vaginalis
150
thick fibrous capsule covering whole testes, deep to the visceral layer. Rigid
tunica albuginea
151
- sperm develop initially into seminiferous tubules located in the lobules of testes
- passing through the ducts, they enter the epidermis where sperm are stored until mature
(if sperm don't leave the body, they are reabsorbed)
- From the epididymis, sperm will travel into vas deferens up into abdominal cavity
describe sperm movement
152
conducts sperm from the vas deferens and seminal fluid from seminal vesicle toward the prostate urethra
ejaculatory duct
153
dilated internal to the body and composed of the bulb, crura, body, and glans of penis
root of penis
154
internal extensions of corpus spongiosum (erectile tissue)
bulb of penis
155
two internal extensions of corpus cavernosa (extra erectile tissue)
crura of penis
156
shaft, elongated movable portion, composed of 3 cylindrical erectile bodies
body of penis
157
very tip of penis covered by a prepuce (foreskin)
glans of penis
158
found at the tip of glans of penis to provide an exit for urine and semen
external urethral orifice
159
- paired erectile bodies
- make up the dorsal part of penis
- each have a central artery running through that supplies blood to bodies for erection
- bound together by tunica albuginea
- filled with venous spaces where blood fills them and makes them rigid
corpora cavernosa
160
- inferior erectile body that houses the spongy urethra
- runs along midline and underside of penis
- also bound in tunica albuginea
corpus spongiosum
161
to produce fluid that helps neutralize the acidity of the vagina, otherwise sperm would not survive. It also nourishes sperm as they potentially travel through female repro system.
what is the purpose for glands in the male repro system?
162
Located on the posterior surface of urinary bladder, lateral to ampulla
- medial portion connects with ampulla to form ejaculatory duct
- fluid secreted contains fructose, prostaglandins and bicarbonate
seminal vesicle
163
Paired glands within the pelvic floor muscles on either side of membranous urethra.
- secrete a clear viscous mucin that forms mucus (which lubricates urethra prior to ejaculation)
bulboreurethral gland
164
Walnut shaped, immediately inferior to the bladder
- fluid contains citric acid, seminal plasmin and prostate-specific antigen
prostate gland
165
testes
what is the homologous structure to an ovary?
166
glans of penis
what is the homologous structure to the clitoris?
167
body of penis
what is the homologous structure to the labia minora?
168
scrotum
what is the homologous structure to the labia majora?
169
bulbourethral gland
what is the homologous structure to the greater vestibular gland?
