Nerves/ Nervous system Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
central nervous system
A
- brain and spinal cord
- command center, processes nervous information
2
Q
peripheral nervous system
A
- sensory NS
- motor NS
3
Q
somatic sensory
A
sensory input from receptors (eyes, skin, mouth)
4
Q
visceral sensory
A
sensory input not consciously perceiving
5
Q
somatic motor
A
motor output consciously controlled
*effector is skeletal muscle
6
Q
autonomic motor
A
motor output not consciously controlled
*effectors are cardiac, smooth muscle and glands
7
Q
what is a neuron body
A
basic cell component
- nucleus, mitochondria etc
contains dendrites and axon hillock
8
Q
what is a dendrite
A
conduct nerve impulses toward cell body
9
Q
what is an axon hillock
A
triangular region, start of axon
10
Q
what is an axon
A
long nerve cell process, make contact with other neurons, muscle cells etc
11
Q
what is a Schwann cell
A
supportive nervous cells made of myelin that surround the axon, permits faster conduction of impulses
12
Q
what are nodes of Ranvier
A
points of unmyelinated axon
13
Q
what is axon terminal/ synaptic knob
A
site of neurotransmitter release
14
Q
classification of neurons
A
unipolar
bipolar
multipolar
15
Q
describe unipolar classification of neuron
A
- most common sensory neuron
- single short cell process extends from cell body, fusion of 2 processes into 1 long axon
ex) motor sensory neurons
16
Q
describe bipolar classification of neuron
A
- uncommon, 2 nerve cell processes extend from cell body
ex) olfactory epithelium, retina of eye
17
Q
describe multipolar classification of neuron
A
- most common type of neuron
- multiple nerve cell processes extend from the body usualy one axon, many dendrites
ex) interneurons, motor neurons
18
Q
afferent neurons
A
-sensory
-detect stimuli from body and transmit to CNS
-unipolar
a for arrive
19
Q
efferent neurons
A
-motor
-conduct nerve impulses from CNS to muscle or glands
-multipolar
20
Q
interneurons
A
-found only in the CNS
-facilitates communication between afferent and efferent neurons
-multipolar
21
Q
CNS glial cells
(AMEO)
A
neuron support cells
- astrocytes
- microglial cells
- ependymal cells
- oligodendrocytes
22
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what is an astrocyte
A
-star-shaped, most common type of glial cell.
-in contact with neurons and capillaries
- form BBB and replace damaged neurons
23
Q
what is a microglial cell
A
- small cell with slender branches, least common type
*defend against pathogens and remove debris (phagocytizes- eats garbage)
24
Q
what is an ependymal cell
A
- simple cuboidal epithelia cell lining in brain and spinal cord
- secrete cerebral- spinal fluid
- lines ventricles of brain and central canal of spine
25
what is an oligodendrocyte
- rounded, bulb cell with small projections
- extensions wrap around CNS
- myelinates and insulated CNS axon, allows for faster nerve impulse conduction
26
PNS Glial cells
(SN)
satellite cells
neurolemmocyte (Schwann)
27
what is a satellite cell
- flattened cell clustered around neuronal cell bodies in ganglion
- protects/ regulates nutrients for cell bodies in ganglion
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what is a neurolemmocyte (Schwann)
myelinated and insulates PNS axon which allows for faster nerve conduction through axon
29
what is the myelin sheath
- high lipid content that wraps around axon and gives nerves their glossy- white appearance
- neurolemmocyte myelinates one axon
- oligodendrocytes myeline many axons
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cranial nerves
nerves of the brain
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olfactory nerve
- CN I
- very large
**function**: sensory for smell (olfaction)
**exit from cranium**: olfactory foramina in cribriform plate
32
optic nerve
- CN II
**function**: special sensation for vision
**exit from cranium:** optic foramen/ canal
33
oculomotor nerve
- CN III
**function**: somatic motor to most extraocular muscles
**exit from cranium**: superior orbital fissure
34
trochlear nerve
- CN IV
**function**: somatic motor to one extraocular muscle
**exit from cranium**: superior orbital fissure
35
trigeminal nerve
- CN V
**funciton**: 3 divisions- ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular (V1,2,3)
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abducens nerve
- CN VI
**function**: somatic motor to one extra ocular muscle
**exit from cranium**: superior orbital fissure
37
ophthalmic division of trigeminal
- V1
**function**: general sensation from skin of face, cornea and sinuses
**exit from cranium**: superior orbital fissure
38
maxillary verve of trigeminal
- V2
**function**: general sensation from skin of face, palate, and maxillary teeth, paranasal sinuses
**exit from cranium**: foramen rotundum
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mandibular nerve of trigeminal
- V3
**function**: general sensation from skin of face, anterior tongue, mandibular teeth
**exit from cranium**: foramen ovale
**somatic motor to**: muscles of mastication (temporalis/ masseter) and mylohyoid
40
facial nerve
- CN VII
- 5 branches and 1 single nerve
- - temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical branches
- - posterior auricular nerve
41
vestibulocochlear nerve
- CN VIII
**function**: special sensation- hearing, vestibular sense (balance)
**exits from cranium**: internal auditory meatus
42
glossopharyngeal nerve
- CN IX
**function**: sensation from posterior tongue and middle ear cavity
**special sensation from**: taste from posterior tongue, baroreception from carotid sinus, chemoreception from carotid body
**parasympathetics**: to pharynx muscle
**exits from cranium**:jugular foramen
43
vagus nerve
- CN X
**function**: general sensation from larynx and pharynx
**special sensation**: taste from epiglottis
**somatic motor to**: most of palate muscles, pharyngeal muscles, and muscles of larynx
**parasympathetics**: to thoracic/ abdominal viscera
**exits from cranium**: jugular foramen
44
accessory nerve
- CN XI
**function**: somatic motor to trapezius, sternocleidomastoid
**exits from cranium**: jugular foramen
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hypoglossal nerve
- CN XII
**function**: somatic motor to muscles of tongue
**exits from cranium**: hypoglossal foramen
46
where does the cervical nerve travel through?
C1- C8
47
where does the thoracic nerve travel through?
T1- T-12
48
where does the lumbar nerve travel through?
L1- L5
49
where does the sacral nerve travel through?
S1- S5
50
conus medullaris
end inverted triangular part of the spinal cord where all the nerves are still bundled together
51
cauda equina
dorsal and ventral nerve roots that are no longer surrounded by dura mater
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filum terminale
extension of Pia mater from the conus medullar is that attaches to coccyx and anchor spinal cord
53
horn=?
gray matter (inner stuff)
54
funiculus/ funiculi=?
white matter (outer layer)
55
what does the lumbar plexus include?
femoral nerve
obturator nerve
*can't see on leg model
56
femoral nerve
L2-L4
Motor innervation to:
- quad muscles (4)
- iliopsoas
- sartorius
- pectinous
sensory innervation to:
- anterior/ medial aspect of thigh
- medial aspect of leg
- medial aspect of foot
57
obturator nerve
L2-L4
motor innervation to:
- adductor muscles
- gracilis
- pectinous
sensory innervation to:
- superior medial thigh
58
what does the sacral plexus include?
L5- S4
sciatic nerve
tibial nerve
common fibular nerve
deep fibular nerve
superficial fibular nerve
59
sciatic nerve
L4-S3
*take off gluteus Maximus to see*
composed on 2 nerves wrapped around in common CT sheath
60
tibial nerve
L4- S3
motor innervation to:
- hamstring muscles, excluding short head of biceps femoris
- posterior leg muscles
- foot muscles
sensory innervation to:
- heel and sole of the foot
61
common fibular nerve
L4- S2
motor innervation to:
- short head of biceps femoris
- others once split into deep and superficial
sensory innervation to:
- see deep and superficial nerve parts
62
deep fibular nerve
L4- S1
motor innervation to:
- anterior leg muscles
- foot muscles
sensory innervation to:
- space between hallux and second digit (flip flop area- big toe and 2nd toe)
63
superficial fibular nerve
L5- S2
motor innervation to:
- fibulas longus and brevis
sensory innervation to:
- anterior inferior part of leg
- dorm of the foot
64
parasympathetic functions
- maintain homeostasis
- pre-ganglionic cell bodies (found in brainstem, S2, S3, S4)
- local response
- long preganglionic axon
- short postganglionic axon
- no rami communicates
65
sympathetic functions
- prepares body for emergencies
- preganglionic cells found in T1- L2 (thoracolumbar)
- short preganglionic axon with many branches
- white rami attach T1-L2
- mass and local activations
66
sense of touch
receptive fields, varies across the body
- don't need super specific touch on back
- DO need specific touch detection in fingers because they are in charge of precise movementthy
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types of sensory receptors
exteroreceptors
interoceptors
proprioceptors
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exteroceptors
detect stimuli in external environment
ex) sensory receptors within skin, nose, mouth
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interoceptors
detect stimuli within body
ex) sensory receptors within blood vessel walls
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proprioceptors
detect stimuli within joint, skeletal muscle and tendons
ex) joint receptors, spindles
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what are chemoreceptors
chemicals dissolved in fluid
ex) taste
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what are thermoreceptors
changes in temperature
ex) skin
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what are photoreceptors
changes in light intensity, color and movement
ex) eye
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what are mechanoreceptors
physical deformation of plasma membrane due to touch, pressure, or vibration
ex) tactile receptors in skin
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what are noiciceptors
detect pain stimuli
ex) pain receptors present in almost all organs
76
sense of taste is called
gustation
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where are gustatory cells found
taste buds
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3 things taste buds contain
- gustatory cells: detect tastant
- supporting cells: sustain gustatory cells
- basal cells: replace short-lived gustatory cells
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papillae of the tongue
filiform
fungiform
vallate
foliate
80
filiform papillae
short, bristle-like, found on anterior 2/3 of tongue.
mechanical function
no gustation role
81
fungiform papillae
mushroom shaped
found on tip/sides of tongue
each contain only a few taste buds
82
vallate papillae
least numerous, but very large.
found as inverted V on back on tongue
surrounded by deep depression where taste buds are found
83
foliate papillae
extend as ridges on posterior lateral tongue.
have few taste buds during infancy/ childhood, but go away as we age
84
Gustatory discrimination
| what are the 5 tastes we can taste
- sweet
- salty
- sour
- bitter
- umami (meaty flavor)
85
sense of smell
olfaction
86
describe olfaction
molecules must be dissolved in the mucus of nasal cavity to be detected
87
4 parts to olfactory epithelium
- olfactory receptor cells
- supporting cells
- basal cells
- lamina propria
88
olfactory receptor cells
detects odor, olfactory neurons
89
supporting cells
sandwich olfactory neurons and sustaint the receptors, sustentacular cells
90
basal cells
function as neuronal stem cells, continually replace olfactory receptor cells
olfactory cells are one of the few neuronal types that get replaced
91
lamina propria
areolar CT that houses the olfactory glands that produce mucus that convert the olfactory epithelium
92
sense of sight
vision
93
external anatomy of the eyes
- eyebrows
- eyelashes
- eyelids
- medial and lateral palpebral commissures (corner of eye)
94
conjunctiva
external accessory structure of eye
- special stratified columnar epithelia
- forms continuous lining over external portion of eye
- maintains goblet cells that lubricate the eye
95
cornea
fibrous tunic/ external layer
2 layers of epithelium with collagen in the middle, forms anterior layer of the eye, transmits/ retracts incoming light
96
sclera
fibrous tunic/ external layer
dense regular CT
posterior covering of the eye: the 'white' of the eye
supports eye shape/ protects it
97
choroid
vascular tunic/ middle layer
areolar CT, highly vascularized.
forms posterior 2/3 of middle wall of eye. supplies nourishment to retina***
98
ciliary body
vascular tunic/ middle layer
ciliary smooth muscles and inner secretory epithelium.
between choroid and iris anteriorly
99
iris
vascular tunic/ middle layer
2 layers of smooth muscle with central opening (pupil)
control pupil diameter- which allows a certain amount of light in
100
pigmented layer
retina/ internal layer
pigmented epithelial cells/ supporting cells.
outermost portion of retina- directly adheres to choroid.
absorbs extraneous light, provides vitamin A to photoreceptors
101
neural layer
retina/ internal layer
photoreceptors, bipolar neurons and ganglion cells.
inner portion of retina
detects incoming light rays; which are converted to nerve impulses and transmitted to the brain
102
lens
cavity of eye
strong, deformable transparent structure held in place by dense fibrous capsule
103
aqueous humor
cavity of eye
gel-like substance found in anterior and posterior chambers between cornea and iris & iris and lens
104
vitreous humor
cavity of eye
gel-like substance found in space between lens and retina
105
equilibrium and hearing
ears and hearing
106
auricle
(external ear)
skin covered cartilaginous structure
107
external acoustic meatus
(external ear)
funnel-shaped tube
108
tympanic membrane
(external ear)
delicate epithelial sheet, partition between external and middle ear
109
auditory tube
(middle ear, tympanic cavity)
Eustachian tube
110
auditory ossicles
(middle ear, tympanic cavity)
connects middle ear and where our mouth/ nose connect
- malleus
- incus
- stapes
*stapes articulates with oval window to transmit sound waves to the inner ear
111
what does the malleus look like?
hammer
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what does the incus look like?
anvil
113
what does the stapes look like?
stirrup
114
semicircular canals
(inner ear) CN VII
anterior, posterior, horizontal fluid movement within these canals help the brain determine movement of body
115
vestibule
(inner ear) CN VII
utricle and saccule= sense gravity and linear acceleration to maintain equilibrium and balance
116
cochlea
(inner ear) CN VII
sense sound as vibrations and turn these vibrations into nerve impulses which are perceived as audible sound in the brain
