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Renal & Urology > Anatomy - Upper Urinary Tract > Flashcards

Anatomy - Upper Urinary Tract Flashcards

1
Q

name the 4 structures of the urinary tract (in which urine passes through)

A

kidney
ureter
bladder
urethra

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2
Q

what 2 structures make up the upper urinary tract?

A

kidneys and ureters

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3
Q

what 2 structures make up the lower urinary tract?

A

the bladder and the urethra

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4
Q

an upper urinary tract infection may spread to what structure?

A

the kidneys

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5
Q

a lower urinary tract infection involves what 2 structures?

A

urethra and bladder?

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6
Q

name the 2 structures of the urinary tract in the abdomen

A

kidneys and the PROXIMAL ureters

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7
Q

the kidneys and proximal ureters are retroperitoneum

true or false?

A

true

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8
Q

name the 3 structures located in the pelvis

A

distal ureters
bladder
proximal urethra

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9
Q

name the structure located in the perineum

A

distal urethra

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10
Q

what is the medial part of the kidney called?

A

hilum = root of kidney

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11
Q

what enters and exits the kidney hilum?

A

artery, vein and ureter

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12
Q

what sits anterior in the hilum?

A

vein

artery behind and ureter below

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13
Q

name the 5 layers from kidney to peritoneum

A
  1. renal capsule
  2. perinephric fat
  3. renal (deep) fascia
  4. paranephric fat
  5. visceral peritoneum
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14
Q

state the 3 anterolateral abdominal wall muscles

A

external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis)

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15
Q

on a contract CT scan, what main vessel is situated on the LHS?

A

abdominal aorta

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16
Q

on a contract CT scan, what main vessel is situated on the RHS more anteriorly?

A

IVC

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17
Q

what is the structure located to the right of the abdominal aorta on CT scan?

A

crux of diaphragm

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18
Q

the kidneys lie _________ to quadrates lumborum and _______ to psoas major

A

the kidneys lie ANTERIOR to quadrates lumborum and LATERAL to psoas major

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19
Q

due to size of the _____ the ______ kidney lies slightly inferior than the ____

A

due to size of the LIVER the RIGHT kidney lies slightly inferior than the LEFT

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20
Q

vertebral level of right kidney?

A

L1-L3

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21
Q

vertebral level of left kidney?

A

T12-L2

22
Q

name the ribs that protect the kidneys from posterior

A

ribs 11 and 12 - floating ribs

23
Q

within which regions/quadrants are the kidneys?

A

L and R UQ

left and right lumbar (flank) region

24
Q

ask the patient to breath ___ so the kidneys descend to palpate

A

ask the patient to treat IN so the kidneys descend to palpate

25
Q

what does the right kidney lie posterior to?

A 
liver
hepatorenal recess
2nd part of duodenum
ascending colon
right colic flexure
26
Q

what does the left kidney lie posterior to?

A

stomach
tail of pancreas
hilum of spleen
splenic vessels

27
Q

name the most dependent part of the greater sac of the peritoneal cavity in the SUPINE patient

A

hepatorenal recess

28
Q

renal artery or vein:

lies more anterior

A

renal veins

29
Q

the common iliac arteries

are ________ to the common iliac veins

A

the common iliac arteries

are ANTERIOR to the common iliac veins

30
Q

lymph from the kidneys drain to what nodes?

A

lumbar nodes

31
Q

at what level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?

A

umbilicus

32
Q

lymph from the ureters drain to what?

A

proximal = lumbar and lumbar = iliac nodes

33
Q

name the 2 types of AAA

A

infra-renal and suprarenal

34
Q

renal artery stenosis with an infrarenal AAA is due to what?

A

atherosclerosis

35
Q

renal artery stenosis with an suprarenal AAA is due to what?

A

physical occlusion

36
Q

each kidney consists of an outer and inner what?

A

outer cortex and inner medulla

37
Q

the _______ contains renal pyramids

A

the MEDULLA contains renal pyramids

38
Q

each pyramid contains around 50,000 _________

A

each pyramid contains around 50,000 NEPHRONS

39
Q

what gives rise to the striped medulla appearance?

A

regularly arranged nephrons

40
Q

urine drainage:

nephron _____________ duct -> minor _____ -> major _____ -> renal _______ -> ________

A

nephron COLLECTING duct -> minor CALYX -> major CALYX -> renal PELVIS -> URETER

41
Q

name the first constriction of urine drainage

A

PELVIURETERIC JUNCTION - wide renal pelvis becomes narrow ureter

42
Q

name the 3 anatomical sites of ureteric constriction

A
  1. pelviureteric junction
  2. when ureter crosses anterior aspect of the common iliac artery
  3. ureteric orifice (opening into the corner of the trigone on bladder floor)
43
Q

other name for renal calculi?

A

renal stones from calcium salts

44
Q

a ureteric obstruction can be as a result of both _______ and ________ obstruction

A

a ureteric obstruction can be as a result of both INTERNAL and EXTERNAL obstruction/compression

45
Q

name the type of muscle in the ureter walls

A

smooth

46
Q

peristalsis in an attempt to flush the obstruction results in what type of pain?

A

colicky

47
Q

obstructions to the urethra cause __________ kidney problems

A

obstructions to the urethra cause BILATERAL kidney problems

48
Q

urine production will continue until the pressure within the urinary tract exceeds the pressures favouring filtration at the __________

A

urine production will continue until the pressure within the urinary tract exceeds the pressures favouring filtration at the GLOMERULUS

49
Q

renal failure means failure to adequately filter the _____ to produce _______

A

renal failure means failure to adequately filter the BLOOD to produce URINE

50
Q

name the condition whereby urine back pressure into the calyces compresses the nephrons within the medullary pyramids leading to renal failure - very painful

A

hydronephrosis - ‘water inside of the kidney’

payable during clinical examination

Renal & Urology (22 decks)

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