Anatomy - Upper Urinary Tract

Question 1

name the 4 structures of the urinary tract (in which urine passes through)

Answer 1

kidney
ureter
bladder
urethra

Question 2

what 2 structures make up the upper urinary tract?

Answer 2

kidneys and ureters

Question 3

what 2 structures make up the lower urinary tract?

Answer 3

the bladder and the urethra

Question 4

an upper urinary tract infection may spread to what structure?

Answer 4

the kidneys

Question 5

a lower urinary tract infection involves what 2 structures?

Answer 5

urethra and bladder?

Question 6

name the 2 structures of the urinary tract in the abdomen

Answer 6

kidneys and the PROXIMAL ureters

Question 7

the kidneys and proximal ureters are retroperitoneum

true or false?

Answer 7

true

Question 8

name the 3 structures located in the pelvis

Answer 8

distal ureters
bladder
proximal urethra

Question 9

name the structure located in the perineum

Answer 9

distal urethra

Question 10

what is the medial part of the kidney called?

Answer 10

hilum = root of kidney

Question 11

what enters and exits the kidney hilum?

Answer 11

artery, vein and ureter

Question 12

what sits anterior in the hilum?

Answer 12

vein

artery behind and ureter below

Question 13

name the 5 layers from kidney to peritoneum

Answer 13

1. renal capsule
2. perinephric fat
3. renal (deep) fascia
4. paranephric fat
5. visceral peritoneum

Question 14

state the 3 anterolateral abdominal wall muscles

Answer 14

external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis)

Question 15

on a contract CT scan, what main vessel is situated on the LHS?

Answer 15

abdominal aorta

Question 16

on a contract CT scan, what main vessel is situated on the RHS more anteriorly?

Answer 16

IVC

Question 17

what is the structure located to the right of the abdominal aorta on CT scan?

Answer 17

crux of diaphragm

Question 18

the kidneys lie _________ to quadrates lumborum and _______ to psoas major

Answer 18

the kidneys lie ANTERIOR to quadrates lumborum and LATERAL to psoas major

Question 19

due to size of the _____ the ______ kidney lies slightly inferior than the ____

Answer 19

due to size of the LIVER the RIGHT kidney lies slightly inferior than the LEFT

Question 20

vertebral level of right kidney?

Answer 20

L1-L3

Question 21

vertebral level of left kidney?

Answer 21

T12-L2

Question 22

name the ribs that protect the kidneys from posterior

Answer 22

ribs 11 and 12 - floating ribs

Question 23

within which regions/quadrants are the kidneys?

Answer 23

L and R UQ

left and right lumbar (flank) region

Question 24

ask the patient to breath ___ so the kidneys descend to palpate

Answer 24

ask the patient to treat IN so the kidneys descend to palpate

Question 25

what does the right kidney lie posterior to?

Answer 25

``` liver hepatorenal recess 2nd part of duodenum ascending colon right colic flexure ```

Question 26

what does the left kidney lie posterior to?

Answer 26

stomach tail of pancreas hilum of spleen splenic vessels

Question 27

name the most dependent part of the greater sac of the peritoneal cavity in the SUPINE patient

Answer 27

hepatorenal recess

Question 28

renal artery or vein: lies more anterior

Answer 28

renal veins

Question 29

the common iliac arteries | are ________ to the common iliac veins

Answer 29

the common iliac arteries | are ANTERIOR to the common iliac veins

Question 30

lymph from the kidneys drain to what nodes?

Answer 30

lumbar nodes

Question 31

at what level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?

Answer 31

umbilicus

Question 32

lymph from the ureters drain to what?

Answer 32

proximal = lumbar and lumbar = iliac nodes

Question 33

name the 2 types of AAA

Answer 33

infra-renal and suprarenal

Question 34

renal artery stenosis with an infrarenal AAA is due to what?

Answer 34

atherosclerosis

Question 35

renal artery stenosis with an suprarenal AAA is due to what?

Answer 35

physical occlusion

Question 36

each kidney consists of an outer and inner what?

Answer 36

outer cortex and inner medulla

Question 37

the _______ contains renal pyramids

Answer 37

the MEDULLA contains renal pyramids

Question 38

each pyramid contains around 50,000 _________

Answer 38

each pyramid contains around 50,000 NEPHRONS

Question 39

what gives rise to the striped medulla appearance?

Answer 39

regularly arranged nephrons

Question 40

urine drainage: nephron _____________ duct -> minor _____ -> major _____ -> renal _______ -> ________

Answer 40

nephron COLLECTING duct -> minor CALYX -> major CALYX -> renal PELVIS -> URETER

Question 41

name the first constriction of urine drainage

Answer 41

PELVIURETERIC JUNCTION - wide renal pelvis becomes narrow ureter

Question 42

name the 3 anatomical sites of ureteric constriction

Answer 42

1. pelviureteric junction 2. when ureter crosses anterior aspect of the common iliac artery 3. ureteric orifice (opening into the corner of the trigone on bladder floor)

Question 43

other name for renal calculi?

Answer 43

renal stones from calcium salts

Question 44

a ureteric obstruction can be as a result of both _______ and ________ obstruction

Answer 44

a ureteric obstruction can be as a result of both INTERNAL and EXTERNAL obstruction/compression

Question 45

name the type of muscle in the ureter walls

Answer 45

smooth

Question 46

peristalsis in an attempt to flush the obstruction results in what type of pain?

Answer 46

colicky

Question 47

obstructions to the urethra cause __________ kidney problems

Answer 47

obstructions to the urethra cause BILATERAL kidney problems

Question 48

urine production will continue until the pressure within the urinary tract exceeds the pressures favouring filtration at the __________

Answer 48

urine production will continue until the pressure within the urinary tract exceeds the pressures favouring filtration at the GLOMERULUS

Question 49

renal failure means failure to adequately filter the _____ to produce _______

Answer 49

renal failure means failure to adequately filter the BLOOD to produce URINE

Question 50

name the condition whereby urine back pressure into the calyces compresses the nephrons within the medullary pyramids leading to renal failure - very painful

Answer 50

hydronephrosis - 'water inside of the kidney' payable during clinical examination