Anatomy workbook-skull Flashcards by Josie Curley

What is best demonstrated in a lateral skull view?

The entire crainium

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What is best demonstrated in this image?

Superior orbital fissures and frontal bone

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What is best demonstrated in this image?

The orbits

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How could the radiographer modify caldwell position even more to visizalize the orbits?

Angle 30 degrees caudad with tight collimation

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What is best demonstrated in this image?

The occipitobasal regoin of the skull

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What changes will the radiographer make if the patient cannot get the OML perpendicular to the IR for the Townes

Angle 37 degrees caudad with IOML perpendicular to the IR

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When the CR is 30 degrees caudad and the OML is perpendicular to the IR, what is visualized in the foramen magnum?

Dorsum sella+posterior cliniod process

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When the CR is 37 degrees caudad and the OML is perpendicular to the IR, what is visualized in the foramen magnum?

The posterior arch of C1 within the foramen magnum

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What anatomy is visualized in the petrous bones in the orbits of the ruggles view?

Internal auditory canal

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What projection is this?

Lateral skull

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What projection is this?

Caldwell-modified

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What projection is this?

Townes skull

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What is best demonstrated in this view?

The base of the skull

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What is best demonstrated in this view?

Facial fractures

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Is this an acceptable radiograph for a facial bone study? What projection is this?

-No
-Townes facial bone

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How is positioning adjusted to demonstrate the ramus?

True lateral

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How is positioning adjusted to demonstrate the body of the mandible?

30 degrees roated toward the IR

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How is positioning adjusted to demonstrate the symphisis menti?

45 degrees towards

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How is positioning adjusted to demonstrate the general survey?

10-15 degrees towards the IR

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Where will the remote TMJ be demonstrated in an open mouth view?

Inferior to the dependant mandible and more magnified

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What do the axiolateral TM joints demonstrate?

Excursion of the mandible

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Describe the changes in positioning from a routine Towne skull to produce this coned image of the TMJs?

-Angle 5 degrees more caudad
-Center an inch above the EAM
-Collimate to include the forhead and acanthion

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What is the structure that is present in the foramen magnum on this AP axial view?

Posterior arch of C1

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List the 3 skull types:

Mesocephalic, dolicoceohalic, brachiocephalic

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How much would you have to rotate the MSP of the skull to align the petrous bones to be parallel to the IR for each of the skull types?

Mesocephalic: 47 degrees Brachiocephalic: 54 degrees Dolicocephalic: 40 degrees

Which skull projection will place the petrous bones within the orbits?

Ruggles

Which skull projection will place the petrous bones at the infraorbital margins?

-20 degree caudad angle with the OML perpendicular

Which landmark is used to localize the TMJ?

Just anterior to the EAM

Which projection best demonstrates the size and shape of the sella turcica?

Lateral skull

Which skull projection will best demonstrate the superior orbital fissures?

Caldwell method-skull

Which sinuses are best demonstrated on the open mouth waters?

All sinuses and sphenoid through the open mouth

Which sinuses are best demonstrated on the SMV?

The sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses

Which sinuses are best demonstrated on the regular waters?

Maxillary

Which sinuses are best demonstrated on the caldwell method?

The frontal sinus and the anterior ethmoid sinus

How will the sphenoid sinuses be demonstrated in relation to the maxillary sinuses in the lateral projection?

They will be superior and posterior

Why does sinus imaging need to be erect?

To demonstrate air fluid levels

What is the relationship of the midsagittal plane to the plane of the IR in the parietoacanthial projection?

MSP perpendicular to the IR

**What is the difference in angle between the glabellomeatal line and the orbitomeatal line?**

8 degree difference betweeen the GML and the OML

What is the relationship of the ramus of the mandible to the plane of the IR in the Axiolateral Oblique of the mandible?

Parallel to the IR

Which projection places the CR ray perpendicular to the IOML?

All lateral projections including the axiolaterals of the TM joints

In the acanthioparietal projection, what is the main reference line utilized to position the patient?

MML to the IR

What projection must have the IOML parallel to the IR and how does one assess that it has been accomplished?

-SMV projections -When the symphyisis menti is at the same level as the frontal bone

What structure is visualized within the foramen magnum in the skull basal view?

Odontiod process

What structure should be visualized within the foramen magnum in the skull Towne method

1. Posterior clinoid process 2. Dorsum sella

Which projection will best demonstrate a ‘blowout’ fracture?

Shallow/modified waters

What is the best projection to demonstrate medial or lateral fracture displacement of the ramus of the mandible?

Axiolateral ramus

In the basal view of the cranium, where are the mandibular condyles in relation to the petrous bones?

Anterior to the petrous bones

In the axiolateral projection of the TMJs, what 4 radiographs are taken?

1. Left open and closed 2. Right open and closed

A patient has come in for imaging of their sinuses, but has severe vertigo and is unable to stand unassisted. How will you perform the images?

Erect, sitting

In the tangential view of the zygomatic arches, the CR is perpendicular to the **OML or IOML** and the top of the head is tilted 15 degrees **TOWARDS or AWAY** from the affected side?

1. IOML 2. Towards

The **MML or OML** is parallel to the central beam for the Water’s method.

MML

REMOTE or DEPENDENT side is demonstrated in the axiolateral projection of the TMJs

Dependent

What is the CR angle for Towne skull

30 degrees

What is the CR angle for the townes mandible AP?

What is the CR angle for the Towne TMJ

35 degrees

What is the CR angle for the townes method of the z arches?

30 degrees

# What is the error The tip of the mandible is visualized anterior to the frontal bone | For the skull SMV

Neck too extended

# What is the error The condyles of the mandible are slightly superimposed by the petrous bones | For the skull SMV

Neck not extended enough

# What is the error There is a greater amount of anatomy visualized on the right condyle to the lateral margin of the skull | For the skull SMV

Nose is to the left

# What is the error The collimation only included the mandible | For the skull SMV

Centered too superior and not large enough feild FOV

# What is the error The orbital plates are not superimposed | For the lateral

Tilt is present

# What is the error The posterior border of the zygomatic process of the maxilla appears with bold borders | For the lateral

Rotation of the nose away from the IR

# What is the error Both tips of the posterior clinoid processes are visualized | For the lateral

Rotation of the head

# What is the error The body of the mandible is parallel to the floor | For the lateral

Chin is lifted too much

# What is the error The petrous ridges are in the center of the orbit | For the PA Axial – Caldwell

Not enough caudad angle (need another 5 degree angle)

# What is the error A greater distance on the right side from the oblique orbital line to the lateral cortices of the skull | For the PA Axial – Caldwell

Nose rotated to the left

# What is the error The MSP is such that the top of the head is toward the right of the image and the chin is slightly left | For the PA Axial – Caldwell

Vertex tilted

# What is the error The tip of the chin is over the dens | For the Parietoacanthial – Waters

Neck is over extended

# What is the error The petrous ridge is at the level of the gonions | For the Parietoacanthial – Waters

Neck too extended

# What is the error The collimation includes from the mid orbits to the dens | For the Parietoacanthial – Waters

Too small FOV collimation

# What is the error The petrous bones are in the mid to lower third of the maxillary sinuses | For the Parietoacanthial – Waters

Neck not extended enough

# What is the error The posterior arch of C1 is seen in the foramen magnum | For the AP Axial – Towne skull

Too much caudad angle

# What is the error The dorsum sellae is seen in the foramen magnum | For the AP Axial – Towne skull

Correct positioning

# What is the error The anterior clinoid processes are seen in the foramen magnum | For the AP Axial – Towne skull

Not enough caudad angle or head isn’t tilted down enough

# What is the error The petrous ridges are not symmetrical | For the AP Axial – Towne skull

Rotation of the head

# What is the error The top of the cranium is very dark | For the AP Axial – Towne skull

Windowing/filter needed

# What is the error The angle of the mandible is superimposed on the shoulder | For the Axiolateral Oblique Mandible

Too much of a cephalad (if semisupine)

# What is the error The dependent body is slightly superimposed by the remote body | For the Axiolateral Oblique Mandible

Not enough of a cephalad angle, or top of head tilted away from IR

# What is the error The remote TMJ is seen slightly superior to the dependent TMJ | For the Axiolateral TMJ

Angled caudad instead of cephalad

# What is the error The remote TMJ is seen slightly anterior to the dependent TMJ | For the Axiolateral TMJ

Nose rotated to the demonstrated side

# What is the error The posterior arch is seen in the foramen magnum | For the Modified Towne TMJ

Too much flexion or caudad angle

Label 1-9

1. Outer canthus 2. Infraorbital margin 3. Gonion 4. Glabella 5. Interpupillary line 6. Inner canthus 7. Nasion 8. Acanthion 9. Mental point

Label 1&2

1. Glabellometal line 2. Acanthiomeatal line

Label 1-3, 6,7

1=Parietal bones 2=Lamboidal suture 3=Clivus 6=Occipital bone 7=Orbital cavities

Label 10, 14-19

10=Coronal suture 14=Posterior clinoid process 15=Mastoid process 16=Cribiform plate 17=Occipital bone 18=Mandibular rami 19=Clivus

Label 21-24

21=Dorsum sellae 22=Pterion 23=Asterion 25=Tuberculum sellae