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Ancient Civilizations Flashcards

(91 cards)

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1
Q

Where is Mesopotamia located?

A

Between Tigris and Euphrates

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2
Q

What is Mesopotamia known as?

A

Cradle of Civilization

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3
Q

Why was Mesopotamia ideal for agriculture?

A

Fertile land from river flooding

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4
Q

Who were the Sumerians?

A

Earliest known civilization

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5
Q

Around what year were the Sumerians active?

A

3500 BCE

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6
Q

What city-states did the Sumerians develop?

A

Ur, Uruk, Lagash

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7
Q

Who founded the Akkadian Empire?

A

Sargon of Akkad

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8
Q

When was the Akkadian Empire founded?

A

around 2334 BCE

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9
Q

What is the significance of the Babylonian Empire?

A

Hammurabi’s law code

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10
Q

Who was the king of the Babylonian Empire?

A

King Hammurabi

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11
Q

What system of writing was invented?

A

Cuneiform

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12
Q

What did cuneiform begin as?

A

Pictographs

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13
Q

What number system did Mesopotamians develop?

A

Base-60

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14
Q

Why do we have 60 seconds in a minute?

A

Base-60 number system

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15
Q

How many degrees are in a circle according to the Mesopotamian system?

A

360 degrees

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16
Q

What type of beliefs did they follow?

A

Polytheistic

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17
Q

Name a god associated with the sky.

A

Anu

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18
Q

What were ziggurats?

A

Religious centers

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19
Q

What did ziggurats connect?

A

Heavens and earth

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20
Q

What is the Code of Hammurabi?

A

Legal code

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21
Q

What principle did the law code establish?

A

An eye for an eye

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22
Q

What aspects of daily life did the law code cover?

A

Property rights, family law, trade

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23
Q

What are the levels of the social hierarchy?

A

Nobles, commoners, slaves

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24
Q

Who were at the top of the social hierarchy?

A

Priests and kings

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25
What technological innovation was developed for agriculture?
Irrigation systems
26
What flooding issue did irrigation systems control?
River flooding
27
What metal was used for tools and weapons in Mesopotamia?
Bronze
28
What significant invention is attributed to Mesopotamia?
The wheel
29
What agricultural tools did Mesopotamians develop?
Early plows
30
Which groups frequently invaded Mesopotamia?
Assyrians, Persians, Alexander
31
What advancements from Mesopotamia influenced later civilizations?
Writing, law, urbanization
32
Where is Ancient Egypt located?
Along the Nile River
33
What created fertile land for agriculture in Ancient Egypt?
Predictable flooding
34
What are the two divisions of Ancient Egypt?
Upper and Lower Egypt
35
What period is known as the 'Age of the Pyramids'?
Old Kingdom
36
When did the Old Kingdom occur?
c. 2686–2181 BCE
37
What was marked by a strong centralized monarchy?
Old Kingdom
38
What significant construction occurred during the Old Kingdom?
Great Pyramids at Giza
39
What period is known as the Middle Kingdom?
c. 2055–1650 BCE
40
What characterizes the Middle Kingdom?
Reunification, prosperity
41
What was the New Kingdom period?
c. 1550–1070 BCE
42
What is referred to as the 'Imperial Age'?
New Kingdom
43
What were Pharaohs considered?
Kings and gods
44
What significant construction occurred during the New Kingdom?
Karnak and Abu Simbel
45
Who was Ramses II?
Great military leader and builder
46
Who was Hatshepsut?
Female pharaoh who expanded trade
47
What is Tutankhamun known for?
Intact tomb discovered
48
What type of government did ancient Egypt have?
Highly centralized theocracy
49
What was the role of the pharaoh?
Held ultimate power
50
What did ancient Egyptians practice for the afterlife?
Mummification
51
Who were some major gods worshiped in ancient Egypt?
Ra, Osiris, Isis
52
What is the purpose of the 'Book of the Dead'?
Navigate the afterlife
53
What writing system did ancient Egyptians develop?
Hieroglyphics
54
What are some monumental structures known from ancient Egypt?
Pyramids, temples, obelisks
55
What medical advancements did ancient Egyptians achieve?
Early medicine and surgery
56
What calendar system did ancient Egyptians develop?
Lunar and solar cycles
57
What is the hierarchy of the ancient Egyptian society?
Pharaoh, nobles, priests, scribes, artisans, peasants
58
What were the main crops in the ancient Egyptian economy?
Wheat and barley
59
What resources did ancient Egypt trade for?
Gold, ivory, cedar wood
60
Which regions did ancient Egypt engage in extensive trade with?
Nubia and Levant
61
How did ancient Egypt expand its influence?
Military conquests
62
During which period did Egypt notably expand its influence?
New Kingdom
63
Who did the Egyptians fight against?
Hittites and Nubians
64
What marked the decline of Egypt?
Internal strife and invasions
65
Who conquered Egypt after its decline?
Alexander the Great and Rome
66
What is one cultural impact of ancient Egypt?
Art and architecture
67
What preserves information about ancient Egyptian culture?
Archaeological remains
68
Where was the Indus Valley Civilization located?
Northwestern South Asia
69
What are the two most well-known cities of the Indus Valley Civilization?
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
70
What years did the Indus Valley Civilization flourish?
2600 BCE to 1900 BCE
71
During what phase did the Indus Valley Civilization reach its peak?
Mature Harappan phase
72
What caused the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization?
Climate change, river drying
73
What was notable about the city layout in urban planning?
grid-pattern streets, drainage
74
What standard building material was used for houses?
fired-brick
75
Name a large public work feature in Mohenjo-Daro.
Great Bath
76
What indicates a complex social structure in public works?
granaries, assembly halls
77
What crops were grown?
Wheat, barley, peas, cotton
78
What advanced technique was used in agriculture?
Irrigation
79
Which distant region was engaged in trade?
Mesopotamia
80
What goods were traded?
Beads, metals, pottery, textiles
81
What type of society is suggested?
Egalitarian
82
What does the society lack evidence of?
Powerful ruling class
83
What crafts were highly skilled?
Bead-making, metallurgy, pottery, textiles
84
What is the status of the Indus script?
Undeciphered
85
How many symbols does the Indus script consist of?
Over 400
86
Where has the Indus script been found?
Seals, pottery, artifacts
87
What was a primary use of seals in the Indus Valley?
Identification and trade
88
What did seals feature?
Animals, script, patterns
89
What type of early religion is indicated in the Indus Valley?
Early forms of Hinduism
90
What animal was worshiped in the Indus Valley?
Bull
91
What figure is possibly associated with early Indus religion?
Mother goddess

Praxis (10 decks)

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