Middle Ages Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
What was the capital of the Byzantine Empire?
A
Constantinople
2
Q
Who founded Constantinople?
A
Emperor Constantine I
3
Q
In what year was Constantinople founded?
A
330 CE
4
Q
Which emperor codified Roman law?
A
Emperor Justinian I
5
Q
What is the name of the law code Justinian I created?
A
Corpus Juris Civilis
6
Q
Who was Empress Theodora?
A
Wife of Justinian I
7
Q
What significant building did Justinian I construct?
A
Hagia Sophia
8
Q
When did Justinian I reign?
A
527–565 CE
9
Q
Who legalized Christianity through the Edict of Milan?
A
Constantine
10
Q
What did Theodosius I make Christianity?
A
State religion
11
Q
Which church influenced the Christianization of Eastern Europe?
A
Byzantine Church
12
Q
What year did the Great Schism occur?
A
1054
13
Q
What two branches emerged from the Great Schism?
A
Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy
14
Q
What caused the decline of the Byzantine Empire?
A
Internal strife, economic troubles, external threats
15
Q
What event in 1204 severely weakened the Byzantine Empire?
A
Fourth Crusade
16
Q
When did the Byzantine Empire fall to the Ottoman Turks?
A
1453
17
Q
What marked the end of the Middle Ages?
A
Fall of Byzantine Empire
18
Q
In which century did Islam emerge?
A
7th century CE
19
Q
Who was the prophet of Islam?
A
Muhammad
20
Q
What helped Islam expand beyond Arabia?
A
Military conquests, trade, missionary activities
21
Q
What were the major Islamic empires that expanded influence?
A
Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates
22
Q
What contributions did Islamic scholars make?
A
Science, medicine, mathematics, philosophy
23
Q
What initiated the Crusades?
A
Religious wars for Holy Land
24
Q
Who launched the First Crusade?
A
Pope Urban II
25
When did the First Crusade begin?
1096
26
What was a result of the First Crusade?
Captured Jerusalem in 1099
27
How successful were subsequent Crusades?
Less successful
28
What was the impact of the Crusades?
Increased trade and cultural exchanges
29
What societal structure dominated Medieval Europe?
Feudalism
30
What did kings and nobles grant to vassals?
Land (fiefs)
31
What was exchanged for military service in feudalism?
Land (fiefs)
32
Who worked the land in medieval society?
Peasants (serfs)
33
What limited rights did peasants have?
Limited rights and freedoms
34
What was the manorial system?
Economic structure of feudalism
35
What did manors include?
Lord's house, farmland, village, church
36
Who provided labor on manors?
Serfs
37
What role did the Catholic Church play in medieval Europe?
Most powerful institution
38
What were monasteries centers of?
Learning
39
What did the Church hold significant of?
Land and wealth
40
What was the Investiture Controversy?
Conflicts between rulers and Church
41
Who unified much of Western Europe and became Emperor in 800?
Charlemagne
42
What major event killed about one-third of Europe's population?
The Black Death
43
What years did the Hundred Years' War take place?
1337-1453
44
What did the Hundred Years' War lead to?
Decline of feudalism
45
When did the Black Death occur?
1347-1351
46
Who founded the Byzantine Empire?
Emperor Constantine I
47
When was Constantinople established as the capital?
330 CE
48
What was the Byzantine Empire also known as?
Eastern Roman Empire
49
What was the location of the Byzantine Empire?
Between Europe and Asia
50
Who was Justinian I?
Emperor from 527-565 CE
51
What did Justinian I attempt regarding the Roman Empire?
Restore former territories
52
What codified Roman law?
Corpus Juris Civilis
53
What became the foundation of legal systems in Europe?
Corpus Juris Civilis
54
What significant architectural achievement was constructed?
Hagia Sophia
55
What traditions were preserved?
Greek and Roman
56
What religion was promoted as the state religion?
Christianity
57
Which Christianity spread due to promotion?
Eastern Orthodox
58
How did Christianity initially spread?
Missionary work
59
What legal action did Emperor Constantine take regarding Christianity?
Edict of Milan, 313 CE
60
When did Emperor Theodosius I declare Christianity the official religion?
380 CE
61
What was the purpose of the Council of Nicaea?
Unify Christian doctrine
62
What significant document resulted from the Council of Nicaea?
Nicene Creed
63
What event is known as The Great Schism?
Split of churches, 1054
64
What were the main reasons for The Great Schism?
Theological and political differences
65
What weakened the Byzantine Empire?
Political instability, corruption, economic troubles
66
What contributed to internal division in the Byzantine Empire?
Religious controversies, disputes with Western Church
67
Who were the external threats to the Byzantine Empire?
Persians, Slavs, Arabs, Seljuk Turks
68
What significant event happened in 1204?
Sacking of Constantinople
69
What was a critical consequence of the Fourth Crusade?
Weakened Byzantine Empire
70
In what year did Constantinople fall?
1453
71
Who founded Islam?
Muhammad
72
Where was Islam founded?
Mecca
73
What did Muhammad's teachings promote?
Monotheism and submission to Allah
74
What occurred after Muhammad's death?
Expansion of Islamic Caliphates
75
What were the names of the Islamic caliphates?
Umayyad and Abbasid
76
How did Islam spread by the 8th century?
Military conquests, trade, missionary efforts
77
Where did Islam spread in the 8th century?
Middle East, North Africa, Europe
78
What knowledge did Islamic civilization preserve?
Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian
79
What advancements did Islamic civilization make?
Mathematics, medicine, astronomy, philosophy
80
Who initiated the Crusades?
Pope Urban II
81
When did the Crusades begin?
1095
82
What was the main goal of the Crusades?
Reclaim the Holy Land from Muslims
83
What other reason did people have for joining the Crusades?
Wealth and land
84
What religious incentive was offered to Crusaders?
Indulgences
85
Which Crusade captured Jerusalem?
First Crusade
86
What was the duration of the Third Crusade?
1189-1192
87
Who led the Third Crusade?
European kings
88
What was the main goal of the Third Crusade?
Recapture Jerusalem
89
What was the outcome of the Fourth Crusade?
Sacking of Constantinople
90
What did the Fourth Crusade weaken?
Byzantine Empire
91
What was one impact of the Crusades?
Increased cultural exchanges
92
What tension heightened due to the Crusades?
Between Christians and Muslims
93
What stimulated trade and economic growth in Europe?
Feudalism and Manorialism
94
What is the Feudal System?
Hierarchical land ownership
95
Who granted land to nobles in the Feudal System?
The king
96
What did nobles grant to knights?
Land for military service
97
What is the Manorial System?
Economic foundation of feudalism
98
What do manors represent?
Self-sufficient estates
99
Who worked the land in the Manorial System?
Serfs
100
What did serfs receive in exchange for working the land?
Protection
101
What limited the rights of serfs?
Being bound to the manor
102
What was the central institution in medieval Europe?
Catholic Church
103
What role did monasteries play in medieval Europe?
Preserved knowledge
104
What controversy involved a dispute over church officials' appointments?
Investiture Controversy
105
Who united much of Western Europe under the Carolingian Empire?
Charlemagne
106
When was Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the Romans?
800
107
What did the Carolingian Renaissance promote?
Learning, art, culture
108
What years did the Black Death occur?
1347-1351
109
What fraction of Europe's population was killed by the Black Death?
About one-third
110
What were the years of the Hundred Years’ War?
1337-1453
111
What was the Hundred Years' War about?
Territorial claims, royal succession
112
What did the Hundred Years' War contribute to?
Decline of feudalism, national identities
