Angiosperms

Question 1

How many species of angiosperm are there?

Answer 1

250 000

Question 2

What are they important for?

Answer 2

Food source, Commercial products, Influence climate

Question 3

What is a flower?

Answer 3

A feature specialised for sexual reproduction, a specialised shoot with modified sporpphyll

Question 4

What are the sporophyte in angiosperms called?

Answer 4

Floral organs

Question 5

What are the different floral organs?

Answer 5

Sepals, Petals, Stamen and carpel

Question 6

What are the sepals?

Answer 6

Usually green and enclose the flower before it opens

Question 7

What are the petals?

Answer 7

Brightly coloured to attract pollinators- not in wind pollinated plants,

Question 8

Why are the petals and sepal sterile floral organs?

Answer 8

Not directly involved in reproduction

Question 9

What is the role of the stamens?

Answer 9

Produce microspores that develop into pollen grains containing male gametophytes

Question 10

How are the stamens structured?

Answer 10

Composed of a filamentous sac and the anther, where the pollen is produced

Question 11

What is the role of the carpel?

Answer 11

Make megaspores and the female gametophytes, number is analogous, depends on species

Question 12

How is the carpel structured?

Answer 12

At the tip is a sticky stigma that receives pollen. Style leads from the stigma to the ovary at the base of the carpel

Question 13

What are the fruits?

Answer 13

Typically is a mature ovary

Question 14

How does the fruit form?

Answer 14

Develops from ovules after fertilisation as the wall of the ovary thickens

Question 15

What is the role of the fruit?

Answer 15

protect dormant seeds and aid in their dispersal

Question 16

Where are the male gametophytes?

Answer 16

In the pollen

Question 17

Where are the female gametophyte?

Answer 17

In the ovule

Question 18

How is the pollen grain structured?

Answer 18

Two haploid cells, one is generative and develops into two sperm, the other is the tube cell

Question 19

What happens when the pollen reached the stigma?

Answer 19

Pollen tube grows down style, sperm travel through micropyle - pore in the integument, and discharge into the female gametophyte

Question 20

How does fertilisation occur?

Answer 20

One of the sperm will fertilise the egg, forming a diploid zygote, the other fuses with the two nuclei in the large central cell, producing a triploid cell

Question 21

What is double fertilisation?

Answer 21

One fertilisation event produces a diploid embryo and a triploid cell - unique to angiosperms

Question 22

What is the function of the triploid cell?

Answer 22

cell divides repeatedly and develops into the endosperm, which is a tissue rich in starch and other reserves that nourish the developing embryo

Question 23

What is the function of double fertilisation?

Answer 23

Hypothesis is the it wouldn’t be beneficial to develop endosperm and waste resources if the egg isn’t fertilised, so is a way of conserving resources

Question 24

What happens once the seed gets to a favourable environment?

Answer 24

Coat ruptures and embryo emerges as a seedling, using food stored in the endosperm and cotyledons

Question 25

How is the female gametophyte produced?

Answer 25

Occurs in the ovary. meiosis occurs to form four haploid cells, only one survives, splits by mitosis to form 8 cells, 7 within a single embryo sac are accessory and polar cells for formation of the seed and one which is the egg

Question 26

How is the mate gametophyte produced?

Answer 26

In the pollen, single diploid uncle splits by meiosis into four haploid cells, each become a pollen grain, then split again. Pollen grain consists of generative cell and tube cell

Question 27

How did Angiosperms evolve?

Answer 27

Named the abominable mystery, not sure

Question 28

When did the major branches of the clade diverge?

Answer 28

In the late mesozoic

Question 29

When did they begin to dominate?

Answer 29

By mid cretaceous

Question 30

What is the oldest fossil of angiosperms?

Answer 30

Archaefructus liaoningensis

Question 31

Where may angiosperms have diverged?

Answer 31

From aquatic plants - herbaceous

Question 32

What are the four Angiosperm lineages?

Answer 32

Monocots, Dicots, Basal Angiosperms, Magnolids

Question 33

What are cotyledons?

Answer 33

seed leaves formed in the seed, switch plant from living on seed reserves to photosynthesis - different genetics to mature leaves

Question 34

How many cotyledons in a Monocot?

Answer 34

1

Question 35

How many cotyledons in a Eudicot?

Answer 35

2

Question 36

What is the vascular tissue in a Monocot?

Answer 36

Parallel veins

Question 37

What is the vascular tissue in a Eudicot?

Answer 37

Net - reticulated

Question 38

What are the stomata like in Monocots?

Answer 38

In lines, equal both surfaces, subsidiary ceel

Question 39

What are the stomata like in Eudicots?

Answer 39

Scattered, on underside, no subsidiary cells

Question 40

What is a subsidiary cell?

Answer 40

plant epidermal cell that is located next to a guard cell in the stoma of a leaf and differs in structure from other epidermal cells

Question 41

What is the vascular system of the stem in Monocots?

Answer 41

In bundlues, throughout the stem

Question 42

What is the vascular system of the stem in eudicots?

Answer 42

Ring near the surface

Question 43

Cambium in Monocots?

Answer 43

Absent

Question 44

Cambium in eudicots?

Answer 44

Present

Question 45

What is cambium?

Answer 45

Partially undifferentiated cells required for cell growth and secondary tissues

Question 46

What is the root system like in Monocots?

Answer 46

Fibrous, Adventous

Question 47

What is the root system like in Eudicots?

Answer 47

Taproot

Question 48

What is the flower structure in Monocots?

Answer 48

Multiples of 3

Question 49

What is the flower structure in Eudicots>

Answer 49

In Four or Five parts

Question 50

Pollen grains in Monocots?

Answer 50

Monosulcate

Question 51

Pollen grains in Eudicots

Answer 51

Tricolplate

Question 52

How are Angiosperms distributed?

Answer 52

Occur everywhere apart from S antarctic

Question 53

Which are the only area dominated by gymnosperms?

Answer 53

Basal forests, Temperate forest and juniper savannah

Question 54

In what ways are angiosperms diverse?

Answer 54

Seed types, dispersal mode, Leaf shape, stem form, root form