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BIOLOGY > Animal Behavior > Flashcards

Animal Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four levels of animal behavior analysis?

A
  1. physiology
  2. ontogeny
  3. phylogeny
  4. adaptive significance
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2
Q

What two levels of animal behavior analysis deal with the individual animal?

A
  1. physiology
  2. ontogeny
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3
Q

What are the two levels of animal behavior analysis deal with a group of animals (or species)?

A
  1. phylogeny
  2. adaptive significance
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4
Q

What is physiology?

A

current internal processes

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5
Q

What is ontogeny?

A

development over time (something that organisms gain over time)

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6
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

identifying organisms that have a trait and ones that don’t

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7
Q

What is adaptive significance?

A

identifying why a trait is being developed

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8
Q

What is associative learning?

A

that learner associates a certain response to an object or a stimulus resulting in a positive or negative outcome

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9
Q

What are the two types of associative learning?

A
  1. classical conditioning
  2. operant conditioning
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10
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

association of two unrelated stimuli

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11
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

association of behavior and reward

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12
Q

What is the definition of communication?

A

the process in which actors use specifically designed signals or displays to modify behavior of reactors

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13
Q

What are some examples of signal modalities of communication?

A
  1. acoustic
  2. visual
  3. chemical
  4. electric
  5. vibrational
  6. tactile
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14
Q

Why is reproductive isolation mutually benefitial?

A
  • increases speciation
  • male and female benefit when they can find each other
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15
Q

What is competition?

A

interaction between organisms or species in which both require a resource that is in limited supply

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16
Q

In parenting and reproduction, who invests the most amount of energy?

A

females invest more energy than males

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17
Q

Why are females more interested in quality of offspring, rather than quantity?

A

because they invest more energy towards raising their young, so they would much rather have fewer high quality offspring

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18
Q

Why are males more interested in quantity of offspring, rather than quality?

A

because males invest less energy in raising the offspring, so they would rather have more offspring

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19
Q

What is intrasexual competition?

A

competition between the same sex (usually over members of the other sex)

20
Q

What is intersexual competition?

A

competition between different sexes (usually to find a mating partners)

21
Q

What does altricial mean?

A

offspring requires long term care

22
Q

What is altruism?

A

one organism helps another at a cost (VERY RARE)

23
Q

What is mutualism?

A

both individuals derive benefit from interaction

24
Q

What is manipulation?

A

recipient manipulates donor

25
Q

What is “accidental altruism” called?

A

manipulation

26
Q

What is reciprocity?

A

helpful behavior based on repayment (give back what you got, and if they don’t give back, don’t give back)

27
Q

What is “delayed mutualism”?

A

reciprocity

28
Q

What is kin selection?

A

helping because it will benefit relatives

29
Q

Why is kin selection coined “phenotypically altruistic, genotypically selfish”?

A

because kin selection is based on that fact, that an organism can help relatives conceive and raise offspring because the organisms genes will technically get passed down

30
Q

What is evolutionary fitness?

A

Individual survives to pass on genes

31
Q

What is direct fitness?

A

fitness gained by your own survival/reproduction

32
Q

What is indirect fitness?

A

fitness gained by aiding survival of kin (kin selection)

33
Q

What is inclusive fitness?

A

direct fitness + indirect fitness

34
Q

What is hamilton’s rule?

A

a rule that states that altruism is favored if c<rb

35
Q

What is c in hamilton’s rule?

A

cost to donor (number of offspring you could have had)

36
Q

What is r in hamilton’s rule?

A

relatedness of donor and receiver

37
Q

What is the value of r of immediate family?

A

0.5

38
Q

What is b in hamilton’s rule?

A

benefit to receiver (how many babies you helped take care of)

39
Q

What is polygyny?

A

reproduction which involves one male mating with many females

40
Q

What is polygandry?

A

reproduction which involves one female mating with many males

41
Q

What is monogamy?

A

one male mates with one female

42
Q

What is promiscuity?

A

many males mate with many females

43
Q

What behavior would males that participate in polygyny exhibit?

A

aggressive behavior with other males for females

44
Q

What would the body size of females that participate on polyandry be?

A

bigger body size

45
Q

In what type of community would promiscuity be favorable?

A

where everyone in the community takes care of all offspring

BIOLOGY (18 decks)

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