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BIOLOGY > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

generalized immunity with non-specific defense mechanisms

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2
Q

What are the three levels of innate immunity?

A
  1. physical and chemical barriers
  2. innate inflammatory response
  3. innate immune cells
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3
Q

What else can innate immunity activate?

A

adaptive immunity

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4
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of innate immunity?

A

it is fast but it doesn’t remember past infections

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5
Q

What is the skin barrier in the innate immune system?

A

-sweat is antimicrobial and has lysozymes
-and you are covered in “good” bacteria and fungi

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6
Q

What is the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts barriers?

A

-secretory cells produce mucus to trap and destroy pathogens
-saliva has lysozymes that destroy pathogens
-tears and urine flush out pathogens
-low stomach pH kills pathogens

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7
Q

What happens when we couldn’t keep the
pathogen outside of the skin?

A

then we can use innate immune cell receptors

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8
Q

What are some innate immune cells?

A

mast cells, neutrophills

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9
Q

How do the cells recognize the pathogens?

A

they recognize general pathogen parts (such as single strand DNA, bacterial membrane)

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10
Q

What do innate immune cells do when they find a pathogen?

A

they trigger a transduction pathway

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11
Q

What does the transduction pathway of innate immune cells release?

A

complement

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12
Q

What is complement?

A

-poking holes in the pathogens to send signals of apoptosis

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13
Q

Explain the cascade of inflammatory response?

A
  1. injured cells secrete histamines (crying out for help)
  2. blood vessels dilate (let more blood in) -causes area of infection to be hot and red
  3. histamines make capillaries more permeable (easy for immune cells to get in) -causes swelling and pain
  4. neutrophils eneter permeable capillaries
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14
Q

What happens when neutrophils enter permeable capillaries?

A
  1. they recruit monocytes (which mature into macrophages)
  2. macrophages releases interleukin 1
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15
Q

What are monocytes?

A

immature macrophages that mature when they are needed

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16
Q

What does interleukin do, and what is the side effect?

A

they actually store iron in the spleen, because bacteria need iron to grow (this causes a fever)

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17
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

memory immunity that recognizes specific pathogens

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18
Q

What is an antigen?

A

something the body recognizes as non-self

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19
Q

What are two types of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. cell mediated
  2. humoral
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20
Q

What is a cytotoxic T-cell?

A

a white blood cell that has the ability to kill infected cells in the body

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21
Q

What type of adaptive immunity is the cytotoxic t-cell a part of?

A

cell mediated

22
Q

How does a cytotoxic t-cell kill infected cells?

A

-it releases perforin which creates holes in the infected cell signaling apoptosis

23
Q

How do we activate cytotoxic t-cells?

A

an infected cell will present that it has been activated on its cellular membrane

24
Q

What is another way of activating cytotoxic t-cells?

A
  1. if a macrophage has been eating the infecting cells then the antigen of the infected cell will be displayed on the macrophages surface
  2. a helper t-cell is now activated and binds to the macrophage
  3. the helper t-cell signals the n cytotoxic t-cells
25
Q

When a cytotoxic t-cell is activated, does it only kill the pathogen?

A

no, it actually divides to make cytotoxic t-cells and memory cytotoxic t-cells which help remember the infection for next time

26
Q

Are helper-t-cells only involved in the cell-mediated response?

A

nope, they are also involved in the humoral response

27
Q

What is the humoral response?

A

a response that involved b-cells and helper t-cells

28
Q

What happens during the humoral response?

A
  1. macrophage eats infected cell
  2. macrophage presents the antigen on its surface
  3. helper t-cell binds to macrophage and sends signal to b (beta) cells
  4. beta cells produce antibodies
29
Q

What are antibodies?

A

proteins that can bind to an antigen and hinder its ability to function

30
Q

Are antigens specific?

A

yes, antigens are very specific and can only bind to specific pathogens

31
Q

Do b-cells only produce antibodies?

A

nope, they clone themselves and produce memory beta cells which keep a memory to the antigen and pathogen they destroyed

32
Q

What are plasma b-cells?

A

b cells that produce antibodies

33
Q

What are MHC proteins?

A

proteins that bind peptide fragments of the pathogen and display on the cell surface

34
Q

What are MHC proteins 1?

A

-proteins that is found in every nucleated cell

35
Q

What do MHC 1 proteins activate?

A

cytotoxic t-cells

36
Q

What are MHC 2 proteins?

A

-proteins that is found in macrophages that ingested the infected cells

37
Q

What do MHC 2 proteins activate?

A

helper t-cells

38
Q

Can b cells be antigen presenting cells?

A

yes, the antigen can directly bind to b cells and b cells then act as APC

39
Q

What happens when a helper t-cell recognizes antigens on b cells?

A

it triggers a humoral response

40
Q

What happens when a helper t-cell recognizes antigens (MHC II) on macrophages?

A

trigger cytotoxic t-cells and a cell mediated response

41
Q

How does HIV affect helper t-cells?

A

-it attacks the helper t-cells directly
-helper t-cells then die because the virus will replicate using the t-cells nucleus
-this causes there to be no +director of communications” for the immune system
-this leads the immune system to be more vulnerable

42
Q

What do the lymphoid organs do?

A

they support innate and adaptive responses by producing and maturing white blood cells

43
Q

What are primary lymphoid organs?

A

organs that make and mature immune cells

44
Q

What organ makes both b and t cells?

A

bone marrow

45
Q

Where do b cells mature?

A

bone marrow

46
Q

Where do t-cells mature?

A

thymus

47
Q

What is maturation?

A

white blood cells get trained to not recognize self cells (so that your own body doesn’t attack you)

48
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

A

where mature lymphocytes go to search for targets

49
Q

What are some secondary lymph organs?

A

lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, appendix

50
Q

What does a naive cell mean?

A

unactivated cells

51
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

white blood cells

52
Q

What are the 3 APC?

A

dendritic cells, macrophages, and b cells

BIOLOGY (18 decks)

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