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BIOLOGY > Plant Nutrition and Defense > Flashcards

Plant Nutrition and Defense Flashcards

1
Q

What types of nutrients does the soil provide for a plant?

A

macro and micro elements

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2
Q

What are macroelements?

A

elements that are needed in surplus

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3
Q

What are microelements?

A

elements that are not needed as much

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4
Q

Explain soil ion exchange?

A
  1. soil is mostly negative, therefore, anions from fertilizer are more attracted to the positive root hairs
  2. however, because the soil is already negative, the excess anions have a tendency to get washed away
  3. therefore, in order to get nutrients (and positive charge), we exchange a H+ ion for a proton
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5
Q

Is symbiosis with Rhizobia rare or common?

A

rare

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6
Q

What does rhizobia do for legumes?

A

fixes nitrogen

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7
Q

How does the rhizobia get into the legume?

A

bacteria is invited in and it takes over a division of cortical tissue

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8
Q

What does the rhizobia get in exchange?

A

oxygen

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9
Q

Is symbiosis with mycorrhizae rare or common?

A

common

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10
Q

What does mycorrhizae allow plants to do?

A

absorb phosphates and micronutrients and helps protect plants from disease

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11
Q

What does the mycorrhizae get in return?

A

carbs

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12
Q

What type of environment do carnivorous plants live in?

A

nitrogen poor environments

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13
Q

How do carnivorous plants get nitrogen?

A

they attract, trap, and digest insects to get nitrogen

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14
Q

What do parasite plants do?

A

they extract nutrients from host plants

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15
Q

Can parasitic plants do photosynthesis?

A

sometimes

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16
Q

What is the first layer of defense for plants?

A

dermal

17
Q

What are chemical defenses?

A

defenses that always are there and need to be maintained

18
Q

What are cyanogenic glycosides?

A

chemical defenses that are related only when the plant is damaged because it can actually hurt the plant

19
Q

What are plant defenses?

A

first layer of chemical defenses that defends against microbes

20
Q

What are secondary metabolites?

A

toxins or other natural producing substances that give plants a competitive edge, and they are not associated with growth or development

21
Q

What are allelopathic plants?

A

when the chemicals from one plant impact another plant

22
Q

What is an example of an allelopathic plant?

A

when a plant secrets chemicals to stop seed germination, in order to reduce competition

23
Q

What is an example of two distinct animal helpers?

A

acacia trees and ants // parasitoid wasps

24
Q

What do ants do for acacia trees?

A

when an organism get close to trees, ants swarm animals that come near (this is because the nectar of the acacia tree is addicting to ants)

25
Q

What do parasitoid wasps do?

A

when caterpillar eat leaves, the plant releases a compound that attracts female parasitoid wasps, and when larve hatches the wasps eat the caterpillars

26
Q

What are inducible defenses?

A

defenses that are only initiated in the presence of an actual threat

27
Q

Is the energy cost of inducible defenses lower or higher than chemical defenses?

A

lower

28
Q

What is an example of an inducible defense?

A

tomatoes and jasmonic acid

29
Q

How does jasmonic acid work in tomatoes?

A
  1. attacked tomato produces a hormone called systemin
  2. system moves through the phloem, and binds to receptors
  3. the receptors signal the production of jasmonic acid
  4. jasmonic acid turns on proteinase inhibitors so that plants are not so digestible
30
Q

What is the gene for gene hypothesis?

A

a way that plants recognize and store information about pathogens

31
Q

What are the steps for gene for gene hypothesis?

A
  1. pathogens have avr genes
  2. plants have resistance gene (R)
  3. if R detects avr, a hypersensitive response will occur and the disease doesn’t affect the plant
32
Q

What is a hypersensitive response in plants?

A

where plants kill off currounding tissue to isolate an infection

33
Q

What is a systemic acquired response?

A

a signaling molecule is sent to healthy tissue to warn of infection

BIOLOGY (18 decks)

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