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VETS1025: Animal Management > Animal Behaviour > Flashcards

Animal Behaviour Flashcards

(118 cards)

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1
Q

Behaviour is defined into 4 categories

A

-movement
-social interaction
-cognition
-learning

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2
Q

Behaviours can be divided into two traits

A

-proximate (traits that are “coming soon”)
-ultimate (traits coming to an “end”)

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3
Q

Proximate traits are

A

-traits that are “coming very soon”
-imminent causes responsible for the trait
-how does this work NOW?

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4
Q

Ultimate Traits are

A

-traits that are “coming at the end”
-the evolution of the trait
-what is its HISTORY?

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5
Q

Tinbergen’s Four Questions

A

-what is the adaptive value or selective advantage of the trait?
-what mechanisms cause the trait to occur in an individual?
-how is the trait acquired during the course of development?
-from what did the trait evolve?

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6
Q

Functional/Ultimate + example

A

-what is the adaptive value or selective advantage of the trait?
-geese that imprint on their mom increase survival

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7
Q

Mechanistic/Proximate + example

A

-what mechanisms cause the trait to occur in an individual?
-hearing mom call causes geese to follow

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8
Q

Developmental/Ontogenetic + example

A

-how is the trait acquired during the course of development?
-hear mom call and imprint at a young age

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9
Q

Historical/Phylogenetic + example

A

-from what did the trait evolve?
-geese that imprinted on their mom increased survival

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10
Q

Causation can be

A

-sensory
-physiological

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11
Q

Innate components are

A

Genetic

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12
Q

Learned components are

A

Environmental

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13
Q

Traits develop through the combination of

A

Innate with learned components

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14
Q

Innate behaviours are

A

Developed on their own - they don’t need to be taught or learned.

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15
Q

Innate behaviours can be

A

-there at birth
-developed during sexual maturity

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16
Q

Associative learning is

A

Learning to associate stimulus with a consequence

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17
Q

A learned behaviour is

A

A behaviour an animal acquires through experience

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18
Q

Operant conditioning and Classical conditioning are examples of

A

Associative Learning

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19
Q

Operant condition is

A

-trial and error learning
-associated with reward or punishment

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20
Q

Classical Conditioning is

A

-Pavlovian condition
-associating a “neutral stimulus” with a “significant stimulus”

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21
Q

Innate Behaviours vs Learned Behaviours (5 points each)

A

Innate:
-genetically based
-not modified by the individual
-low variation in a population
-unaffected by environment
-beneficial for survival and reproduction

Learned:
-based on experience
-modified by the individual through trial and error
-high variation in a population
-highly affected by the environment
-product of natural selection

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22
Q

Utility or Adaptive Value of a behaviour

A

An animal will perform behaviours if the benefit outweighs the cost

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23
Q

Evolution of a behaviour occurs when

A

Organisms with traits that lead to increased survival and reproduction leave more offspring than those without

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24
Q

An example of how behaviours evolve is through

A

Domestication

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25
Neuroethology is
The study of the interaction of the nervous system and behaviour
26
Causation, Mechanism, Development, and Evolution are
Tinbergen’s Four Questions
27
Behavioural response to external stimuli
Causation
28
How the behaviour changes during its lifetime is
Development
29
How the behaviour helps survival and reproduction is
Utility
30
Behaviours arising through modifications of ancestral traits is
Evolution
31
Traits that were used for one thing and now used for another
Co-opted
32
Developmental responses can be
-innate -learned
33
Natural Selection is
A process that results in increased survival and reproduction compared to that of competing organisms
34
Genetic basis of behaviour are
Variation among traits that can be inherited
35
Co-option of behaviours can reflect
Domestication
36
Chickens laying more eggs is an example of _____ through ____
Co-option ; domestication
37
A beneficial trait for which the ancestral function has been modified
Adaptive trait
38
Examples of adaptive traits include (5)
-migration -hibernation -mimicry -camouflage -being nocturnal
39
Three examples of traits that were adaptive at an earlier time but are no longer adaptive (because of domestication) are:
-cat hunting -dog aggression -horse bucking
40
An example of a trait existing because of a constraint is
Number of offspring
41
Motivation Display in dogs is
-a way to display discomfort -adapted through domestication
42
Selected to create specific functions through domestication
Behavioural traits
43
3 examples of selected adaptions via domestication in dairy cows are
-temperament -fitness -production
44
Sexual reproduction is
-behavioural adaption -source of genetic variation
45
Variety in offspring means
Some of the offspring will survive and reproduce
46
Fitness is the
Relative ability of an organism to contribute genes to the next generation
47
Speciation is
The formation of species
48
Four ways Speciation can occur:
-geographic barriers -resource shifts -mate choice -genetic change
49
A geographic barrier is
Allopatric speciation
50
Resource shifts are
Parapatric
51
Mate choice and genetic mutation are
Sympatric
52
If two populations don’t inter breed then
Separate species are formed
53
An example of allopatric speciation are
Darwin’s Finches
54
An example of parapatric speciation are
Salamanders in California
55
An example of Sympatric speciation are
Mate choice (especially in fish) and genetic change (mutations)
56
Genetic mutations produce
Individuals that cannot mate with others in the population
57
Branches in phylogenies are called ____ and represent ____
Nodes ; last common ancestor shared
58
Phylogenies are
-important for information about behaviour -radiations over time
59
7 reasons for Social Grouping
-exploitation of public information -shared defence/vigilance -give/receive aid -kin selection -reciprocal altruism -manipulation -group selection
60
Benefits of group living (3)
-improved foraging -reproductive assistance -reduced chance of predation
61
Costs of group living (3)
-increased visibility -competition -disease contraction
62
Group living requires
Learning social structure and membership
63
What is the arms race
-predator-prey evolution -one is trying to out do the other through evolution
64
Relay running is used
To tire prey
65
Ungulates live in ____ for ____
Groups (herds) ; protection (cooperation OR selfish)
66
5 mechanistic causes that explain social cooperation within a group:
-kin selection -group selection -reciprocal altruism -selfish teamwork -stolen help
67
Animal behaves in ways that add fitness to its close relatives
Kin selection
68
Animals within the group behave for the good of the species
Group selection
69
Each animal will trade aid in the present for aid in the future
Reciprocal altruism
70
Cooperation in the short term even though there are competing interests
Selfish teamwork
71
Deceitful behaviour in which one gains and others pay a cost
Stolen help
72
An example of selfish teamwork is
Herding behaviour in sheep
73
An example of stolen help are
Seagulls
74
What is contrary to Darwinian thinking
True altruism
75
When the donor doesn’t benefit but the recipient does it is
Altruism
76
When neither the donor nor recipient benefit it is
Spite
77
When both the donor and recipient benefit, it is called
Cooperation
78
When only the donor benefits it is
Selfishness
79
A harem social system
Is seen in wild horses with one stallion and many mares
80
Dilution Effect
-risk of being a victim for any animal in a group -depends on group size
81
Four types of hierarchies
-linear -triangular -despotic -complex
82
Dogs display aggression / disobedience because of
Their desire for a resource and the associated learning on how best to obtain the resource
83
What is a mating system
-any pattern of male-female pairings -how male and female interactions are built around choosing a mate
84
Males produce
Large numbers of small, motile sperm
85
Females produce
Small number of eggs with a large investment in each
86
Protandrous + example
Males in early development, females later Ex. Clownfish
87
Protogynous + example
Females when smaller, males when larger Ex. Wrasse
88
All the genome is passed on in
Asexual reproduction
89
Diversity is needed for
Speciation
90
Intersexual Selection
Effects that mating preferences of one sex (females) have on the characteristics of another (males)
91
Intrasexual Selection
Effects of competition within one sex (males) for mates
92
Female mate choice depends on
-ability to provide -desirable genetic traits -maximization of genetic diversity
93
Mate choice depends on 10 factors
1. Species identification 2. Good genes 3. Inbreeding Avoidance 4. Optimal Outbreeding 5. resources 6. Symmetry 7. Immunocompetance 8. Immunocomplementarity 9. Quality as a parent 10. Sexy son
94
Runaway intersexual selection can result in
Features being overly emphasized Ex. Peacocks
95
Index hypothesis predicts that
Dishonest signals cannot be faked
96
Handicap Principle predicts that
Dishonest signals are too costly to fake
97
Dishonesty is a
False representation of an animal’s genotype or the resources it holds
98
Surreptitious Matings are when
Females “two-time” males
99
An exchange of information between a male and a female is called
Courtship
100
Courtship should (3):
-include signals to ensure they are the same species -include information to prevent inbreeding -opportunity to present information about their quality as a potential mate
101
Monogamy
One male mates exclusively with one female
102
Polygamy
Individuals mate with more than one partner
103
Polygamy can be subdivided into
-polygyny -polyandry
104
Polygyny
Male mates with more than one female
105
Polyandry
Female mates with more than one male
106
Promiscuity
Males and females mate with as many as they want
107
Cat mating system:
-Toms not involved in parental care -copulation favours ovulation -infanticide can occur
108
Dog mating system:
-pair bonded male and female head the pack -male contributes to parental care
109
Reproductive behaviour is influenced by
Hormones
110
LH and FSH stand for
-Leutenizing Hormone -Follicle Stimulating Hormone
111
Hormone of pregnancy and sexual receptivity
Progesterone
112
Hormone in males that increases during maturity then remains constant
Testosterone
113
Oxytocin and Vasopressin
Prime animals to pair bond
114
Testosterone causes (5):
-territoriality -fighting -roaming -muscle development -dominance behaviour
115
Dominance in wolves is established by
-age -weight -nature of resource
116
The hierarchy of wolves is
Complex, NOT linear
117
An example of kin selection is seen in
Horses (dominant stallion protects the herd)
118
The death stare is
Fixation on prey item without going for the kill

VETS1025: Animal Management (7 decks)

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