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VETS1025: Animal Management > Animal Behaviour > Flashcards

Animal Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Behaviour is defined into 4 categories

A

-movement
-social interaction
-cognition
-learning

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2
Q

Behaviours can be divided into two traits

A

-proximate (traits that are “coming soon”)
-ultimate (traits coming to an “end”)

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3
Q

Proximate traits are

A

-traits that are “coming very soon”
-imminent causes responsible for the trait
-how does this work NOW?

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4
Q

Ultimate Traits are

A

-traits that are “coming at the end”
-the evolution of the trait
-what is its HISTORY?

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5
Q

Tinbergen’s Four Questions

A

-what is the adaptive value or selective advantage of the trait?
-what mechanisms cause the trait to occur in an individual?
-how is the trait acquired during the course of development?
-from what did the trait evolve?

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6
Q

Functional/Ultimate + example

A

-what is the adaptive value or selective advantage of the trait?
-geese that imprint on their mom increase survival

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7
Q

Mechanistic/Proximate + example

A

-what mechanisms cause the trait to occur in an individual?
-hearing mom call causes geese to follow

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8
Q

Developmental/Ontogenetic + example

A

-how is the trait acquired during the course of development?
-hear mom call and imprint at a young age

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9
Q

Historical/Phylogenetic + example

A

-from what did the trait evolve?
-geese that imprinted on their mom increased survival

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10
Q

Causation can be

A

-sensory
-physiological

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11
Q

Innate components are

A

Genetic

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12
Q

Learned components are

A

Environmental

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13
Q

Traits develop through the combination of

A

Innate with learned components

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14
Q

Innate behaviours are

A

Developed on their own - they don’t need to be taught or learned.

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15
Q

Innate behaviours can be

A

-there at birth
-developed during sexual maturity

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16
Q

Associative learning is

A

Learning to associate stimulus with a consequence

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17
Q

A learned behaviour is

A

A behaviour an animal acquires through experience

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18
Q

Operant conditioning and Classical conditioning are examples of

A

Associative Learning

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19
Q

Operant condition is

A

-trial and error learning
-associated with reward or punishment

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20
Q

Classical Conditioning is

A

-Pavlovian condition
-associating a “neutral stimulus” with a “significant stimulus”

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21
Q

Innate Behaviours vs Learned Behaviours (5 points each)

A

Innate:
-genetically based
-not modified by the individual
-low variation in a population
-unaffected by environment
-beneficial for survival and reproduction

Learned:
-based on experience
-modified by the individual through trial and error
-high variation in a population
-highly affected by the environment
-product of natural selection

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22
Q

Utility or Adaptive Value of a behaviour

A

An animal will perform behaviours if the benefit outweighs the cost

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23
Q

Evolution of a behaviour occurs when

A

Organisms with traits that lead to increased survival and reproduction leave more offspring than those without

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24
Q

An example of how behaviours evolve is through

A

Domestication

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25
Q

Neuroethology is

A

The study of the interaction of the nervous system and behaviour

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26
Q

Causation, Mechanism, Development, and Evolution are

A

Tinbergen’s Four Questions

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27
Q

Behavioural response to external stimuli

A

Causation

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28
Q

How the behaviour changes during its lifetime is

A

Development

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29
Q

How the behaviour helps survival and reproduction is

A

Utility

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30
Q

Behaviours arising through modifications of ancestral traits is

A

Evolution

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31
Q

Traits that were used for one thing and now used for another

A

Co-opted

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32
Q

Developmental responses can be

A

-innate
-learned

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33
Q

Natural Selection is

A

A process that results in increased survival and reproduction compared to that of competing organisms

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34
Q

Genetic basis of behaviour are

A

Variation among traits that can be inherited

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35
Q

Co-option of behaviours can reflect

A

Domestication

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36
Q

Chickens laying more eggs is an example of _____ through ____

A

Co-option ; domestication

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37
Q

A beneficial trait for which the ancestral function has been modified

A

Adaptive trait

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38
Q

Examples of adaptive traits include (5)

A

-migration
-hibernation
-mimicry
-camouflage
-being nocturnal

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39
Q

Three examples of traits that were adaptive at an earlier time but are no longer adaptive (because of domestication) are:

A

-cat hunting
-dog aggression
-horse bucking

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40
Q

An example of a trait existing because of a constraint is

A

Number of offspring

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41
Q

Motivation Display in dogs is

A

-a way to display discomfort
-adapted through domestication

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42
Q

Selected to create specific functions through domestication

A

Behavioural traits

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43
Q

3 examples of selected adaptions via domestication in dairy cows are

A

-temperament
-fitness
-production

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44
Q

Sexual reproduction is

A

-behavioural adaption
-source of genetic variation

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45
Q

Variety in offspring means

A

Some of the offspring will survive and reproduce

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46
Q

Fitness is the

A

Relative ability of an organism to contribute genes to the next generation

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47
Q

Speciation is

A

The formation of species

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48
Q

Four ways Speciation can occur:

A

-geographic barriers
-resource shifts
-mate choice
-genetic change

49
Q

A geographic barrier is

A

Allopatric speciation

50
Q

Resource shifts are

A

Parapatric

51
Q

Mate choice and genetic mutation are

A

Sympatric

52
Q

If two populations don’t inter breed then

A

Separate species are formed

53
Q

An example of allopatric speciation are

A

Darwin’s Finches

54
Q

An example of parapatric speciation are

A

Salamanders in California

55
Q

An example of Sympatric speciation are

A

Mate choice (especially in fish) and genetic change (mutations)

56
Q

Genetic mutations produce

A

Individuals that cannot mate with others in the population

57
Q

Branches in phylogenies are called ____ and represent ____

A

Nodes ; last common ancestor shared

58
Q

Phylogenies are

A

-important for information about behaviour
-radiations over time

59
Q

7 reasons for Social Grouping

A

-exploitation of public information
-shared defence/vigilance
-give/receive aid
-kin selection
-reciprocal altruism
-manipulation
-group selection

60
Q

Benefits of group living (3)

A

-improved foraging
-reproductive assistance
-reduced chance of predation

61
Q

Costs of group living (3)

A

-increased visibility
-competition
-disease contraction

62
Q

Group living requires

A

Learning social structure and membership

63
Q

What is the arms race

A

-predator-prey evolution
-one is trying to out do the other through evolution

64
Q

Relay running is used

A

To tire prey

65
Q

Ungulates live in ____ for ____

A

Groups (herds) ; protection (cooperation OR selfish)

66
Q

5 mechanistic causes that explain social cooperation within a group:

A

-kin selection
-group selection
-reciprocal altruism
-selfish teamwork
-stolen help

67
Q

Animal behaves in ways that add fitness to its close relatives

A

Kin selection

68
Q

Animals within the group behave for the good of the species

A

Group selection

69
Q

Each animal will trade aid in the present for aid in the future

A

Reciprocal altruism

70
Q

Cooperation in the short term even though there are competing interests

A

Selfish teamwork

71
Q

Deceitful behaviour in which one gains and others pay a cost

A

Stolen help

72
Q

An example of selfish teamwork is

A

Herding behaviour in sheep

73
Q

An example of stolen help are

A

Seagulls

74
Q

What is contrary to Darwinian thinking

A

True altruism

75
Q

When the donor doesn’t benefit but the recipient does it is

A

Altruism

76
Q

When neither the donor nor recipient benefit it is

A

Spite

77
Q

When both the donor and recipient benefit, it is called

A

Cooperation

78
Q

When only the donor benefits it is

A

Selfishness

79
Q

A harem social system

A

Is seen in wild horses with one stallion and many mares

80
Q

Dilution Effect

A

-risk of being a victim for any animal in a group
-depends on group size

81
Q

Four types of hierarchies

A

-linear
-triangular
-despotic
-complex

82
Q

Dogs display aggression / disobedience because of

A

Their desire for a resource and the associated learning on how best to obtain the resource

83
Q

What is a mating system

A

-any pattern of male-female pairings
-how male and female interactions are built around choosing a mate

84
Q

Males produce

A

Large numbers of small, motile sperm

85
Q

Females produce

A

Small number of eggs with a large investment in each

86
Q

Protandrous + example

A

Males in early development, females later
Ex. Clownfish

87
Q

Protogynous + example

A

Females when smaller, males when larger
Ex. Wrasse

88
Q

All the genome is passed on in

A

Asexual reproduction

89
Q

Diversity is needed for

A

Speciation

90
Q

Intersexual Selection

A

Effects that mating preferences of one sex (females) have on the characteristics of another (males)

91
Q

Intrasexual Selection

A

Effects of competition within one sex (males) for mates

92
Q

Female mate choice depends on

A

-ability to provide
-desirable genetic traits
-maximization of genetic diversity

93
Q

Mate choice depends on 10 factors

A
  1. Species identification
  2. Good genes
  3. Inbreeding Avoidance
  4. Optimal Outbreeding
  5. resources
  6. Symmetry
  7. Immunocompetance
  8. Immunocomplementarity
  9. Quality as a parent
  10. Sexy son
94
Q

Runaway intersexual selection can result in

A

Features being overly emphasized
Ex. Peacocks

95
Q

Index hypothesis predicts that

A

Dishonest signals cannot be faked

96
Q

Handicap Principle predicts that

A

Dishonest signals are too costly to fake

97
Q

Dishonesty is a

A

False representation of an animal’s genotype or the resources it holds

98
Q

Surreptitious Matings are when

A

Females “two-time” males

99
Q

An exchange of information between a male and a female is called

A

Courtship

100
Q

Courtship should (3):

A

-include signals to ensure they are the same species
-include information to prevent inbreeding
-opportunity to present information about their quality as a potential mate

101
Q

Monogamy

A

One male mates exclusively with one female

102
Q

Polygamy

A

Individuals mate with more than one partner

103
Q

Polygamy can be subdivided into

A

-polygyny
-polyandry

104
Q

Polygyny

A

Male mates with more than one female

105
Q

Polyandry

A

Female mates with more than one male

106
Q

Promiscuity

A

Males and females mate with as many as they want

107
Q

Cat mating system:

A

-Toms not involved in parental care
-copulation favours ovulation
-infanticide can occur

108
Q

Dog mating system:

A

-pair bonded male and female head the pack
-male contributes to parental care

109
Q

Reproductive behaviour is influenced by

A

Hormones

110
Q

LH and FSH stand for

A

-Leutenizing Hormone
-Follicle Stimulating Hormone

111
Q

Hormone of pregnancy and sexual receptivity

A

Progesterone

112
Q

Hormone in males that increases during maturity then remains constant

A

Testosterone

113
Q

Oxytocin and Vasopressin

A

Prime animals to pair bond

114
Q

Testosterone causes (5):

A

-territoriality
-fighting
-roaming
-muscle development
-dominance behaviour

115
Q

Dominance in wolves is established by

A

-age
-weight
-nature of resource

116
Q

The hierarchy of wolves is

A

Complex, NOT linear

117
Q

An example of kin selection is seen in

A

Horses (dominant stallion protects the herd)

118
Q

The death stare is

A

Fixation on prey item without going for the kill

VETS1025: Animal Management (7 decks)

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