Exotics Flashcards
1
Q
5 Avian orders of major vet interest are:
A
-Psittaciformes (Parrots)
-Passeriformes (“soft birds” / Perching)
-Galliformes (chickens)
-Anseriformes (water fowl)
-Columbiformes (Pigeons)
2
Q
Four reasons why birds are kept by humans
A
-companionship
-aviculture (breeding)
-food (meat and eggs)
-sport (racing pigeons)
3
Q
Social License means
A
What is acceptable to the general society
4
Q
When placing an indoor bird cage, think about these four concepts:
A
-location
-family traffic
-security
-toxins
5
Q
Companion birds operate on a ____cycle
A
Diurnal
6
Q
Quarantine of companion birds involves:
A
-geographic separation of all new arrivals for 6 weeks
7
Q
3 types of Aviaries
A
-full flight
-suspended
-combined
8
Q
Location and size of aviaries is determined by (6)
A
-species
-number of birds
-space
-local government
-prevailing weather
-position of sun during the day
9
Q
Outdoor aviaries should be pointed
A
Northward
10
Q
Aviary furniture includes
A
-perches
-food/water bowls
-nest boxes
11
Q
Aviary management includes these 6 concepts
A
-pest control (rats/mice, snakes, wild birds, insects, pets, children)
-cleaning
-feeding and watering (minimum once a day)
-parasite control
-quarantine
-diurnal cycle
12
Q
Enrichment Plan for birds utilizes a combination of
A
-foraging
-physical
-sensory
-social
-occupational
13
Q
The 20-80 rule of birds is
A
20% of the time socializing, grooming, sleeping
80% of the time searching for food
*in captivity this is reversed
14
Q
Foraging Enrichment involves
A
Searching for and finding food
15
Q
Physical Enrichment involves
A
-objects (toys, tree branches, etc)
-environment as a whole (size and design)
16
Q
Sensory Enrichment involves
A
Utilizing the bird’s senses such as sight, hearing, smell, and touch
17
Q
Social Enrichment can be
A
-indirect (bird can see or hear other animals)
-direct (cage mate -raining, social rooms, etc)
18
Q
Occupational Enrichment includes
A
Items that elicit problem solving and learning
19
Q
Define Herpetology
A
Study of reptiles
20
Q
Define Herpetoculture
A
Keeping of reptiles
21
Q
The class Reptilia has how many orders?
A
4
22
Q
What are the four orders of the class Reptilia
A
- Testudines (turtles, terrapins, and tortoises)
- Sphenodontia (tuataras)
- Squamata (lizards, snakes, and worm lizards)
- Crocodilia (crocodiles, gavials, caimans, and alligators)
23
Q
How may species of Tuataras are there?
A
2
24
Q
Turtles are ____ while tortoises are ____
A
Water / semi aquatic ; land dwelling
25
Testudines are also known as
Chelonians
26
Testudines have ~ how many species
330
27
There are over ____ species of Squamata
9000
28
There are ____ species of Crocodilia
25
29
3 Unique features of reptiles include
-slow metabolism
-thermoregulation (ectothermic)
-UVB Radiation
30
Metabolism of reptiles is determined by (5)
-temperature
-body size
-species
-diet (herbivore vs carnivore)
-predation behaviour (ambush vs passive)
31
Are reptiles cold blooded?
No, they are ectothermic
32
Why can’t reptiles retain heat?
Lack of insulation
33
3 Advantages of thermoregulation include
-lower food requirements
-energy is not wasted
-ability to safely brumate (hibernate)
34
2 Disadvantages of Thermoregulation
-activity is limited by external temperature
-unable to sustain high levels of activity
35
What is UVB Radiation
-Ultraviolet Light B Radiation
-important for reptile behaviour and Vitamin D3 metabolism
36
Vitamin D3 in reptiles comes from ____ and is used for _____
The sun ; calcium metabolism (ie. bones, eggs, respiratory rate)
37
Three wavelengths of UVB Radiation are
-A (appetite)
-B (bones)
-C (cancer)
38
9 Primary husbandry factors for reptiles
-species
-the enclosure
-lighting
-heating
-humidity
-ventilation
-water quality
-hygiene
-biosecurity
39
4 Secondary Husbandry Factors for Reptiles
-food
-water
-brumation
-environmental enrichment
40
A normal part of reptile microflora is
Salmonella
41
Reptile enclosures should be (3)
-waterproof
-easy to clean
-no traps
42
Active at dusk/dawn
Crepuscular
43
Active during the day
Diurnal
44
Active during the night
Nocturnal
45
Two heat types used for reptiles
-radiant (above heat)
-convective (below heat)
46
Reptiles control their body temperature through three ways:
-cardiovascular shunting
-changing body shape
-behaviour
47
Most reptiles prefer humidity at
50-60%
48
Ventilation of reptile enclosures is important for (3)
-providing fresh air
-removal of ammonia
-prevention of overheating
49
The highest maintenance reptiles are
Turtles
50
Turtle enclosures require a ____ water change ____ per ____
10% ; once ; week
51
Biosecurity of reptiles is important for (4)
-keeping disease out
-minimizing potential stressors
-minimizing potential spread of disease
-identification and removal of sick reptiles
52
Ovulation in reptiles occurs after
Brumation
53
5 concepts of enrichment pans for reptiles include
1. Foraging
2. Physical
3. Sensory
4. Social
5. Occupational
54
Three small animal orders of the class mammalian include
-Carnivora (ferrets)
-Lagamorpha (rabbits)
-Rodentia (mice, rats, Guinea pigs)
55
Which species are illegal to own in QLD
Rabbits and ferrets
56
The ____ rat is used for research while the ____ rat is used for companionship
Rattus rattus (black) ; Rattus norvegicus (brown)
57
Which rat is used for scientific research
Black rat
58
Rabbits and Guinea pigs are heat ____
Intolerant
59
The smell of ferrets comes from
Skin glands
60
7 considerations for the small animal enclosure are:
1. Physiologic and Behavioural needs
2. Social Interactions
3. Hygiene
4. Ventilation
5. Food and Water
6. Escape and Injury
7. Privacy and Security
61
Guinea pigs are (4)
-social
-heat intolerant
-easily stressed
-prey species
62
Rabbits and guinea pigs can be housed
Outdoor or indoor
63
Small animal enclosures should not be placed
Directly in the sun
64
Most small animals except ferrets are active
At dawn / dusk (crepuscular)
65
Small Animal Environmental Enrichment involves
-foraging
-physical
-sensory
-social
-occupational
66
The most common pet are
Fish
67
How many species of fish are there
20,000 - 30,000
68
6 considerations for aquarium husbandry are
-water quality
-aeration
-lighting
-tank design and location
-stocking rates
-compatibility
69
Aquarium water quality is based on: (4)
-source
-changes
-filtration
-temperature
70
5 steps of the Nitrogen Cycle
1. Nitrogen is introduced via fish food
2. Ammonia is excreted
3. Nitrosomas bacteria convert Ammonia to Nitrite
4. Nitrobacter bacteria convert Nitrite to Nitrate
5. Plants use Nitrates as fertilizer
71
Nitrosoma bacteria convert
Ammonia to Nitrite
72
Nitrobacter bacteria convert
Nitrite to Nitrate
73
Specific gravity in a marine tank should be
1.023-1.027
74
Town water is
High in chemicals
75
In both freshwater and marine tanks, water should stand for ____ and one should use ______
12 hours ; use an airstone to agitate the water and release gas
76
How much and how often should water be changed in the aquarium
4-10% weekly
77
Filtration can be
-internal (cheaper option, inside the tank)
-external (pumps water out, filters it, and pumps it back in)
78
Filtration of aquariums does what?
Removes solid waste and chemicals
79
Filtration devices can be (4)
-physical
-chemical
-biological
-all of the above
80
Aquariums need to be ____ and marine tanks need to be ____
Heated ; cooled
81
Water monitoring involves 6 parameters
-temperature
-pH
-ammonia
-nitrites
-nitrates
-hardness
82
Ammonia in water should not exceed
0 ppm
83
Nitrates in aquarium should not exceed
160 ppm
84
Nitrites in aquarium should not exceed
0 ppm
85
Aeration is ____ and is caused by _____
Dissolved oxygen ; decaying food, too many plants, high temperatures
86
Aeration can be increased by
-ripples on the water surface via air stones / spray bars
87
Fish need a ____ cycle
Diurnal
88
Water weighs
1 kg per L
89
High number of fish in a tank can lead to (3)
-increased oxygen consumption
-increased waste
-spread of disease
90
Stocking density is determined by
Surface area
91
Tropical freshwater surface area is
75 cm^2
92
Cold freshwater surface area is
180 cm^2
93
Tropical marine surface area is
300 cm^2
94
Fish divide themselves into
3 strata
95
Successful handling depends on these 4 factors
-knowledge of the animal
-experience of the handler
-correct technique
-appropriate tools/chemicals
96
Restraint can be
-physical
-chemical
-psychological
97
The desire / instinct to conceal signs of pain or injury from predators is called
The Masking Phenomenon
98
In birds of prey, the front talons ___ while the back talon ___
Holds ; kills
99
One of the most common birds seen by vets are
Backyard Poultry
100
Define Chick
Young chicken
101
Define Pullet
Young hen <6 months ; hen that has yet to lay eggs
102
Define Cockerel
Young rooster
103
Define Hen
Female chicken that has laid eggs
104
Define Rooster/Cock
Male chicken >6 months of age
105
Define Layer
Hen >20 weeks of age that is laying eggs
106
Define Point of Lay
A pullet that is old enough to lay but has not done so yet (usually 16-21 weeks of age)
107
Define Broiler
Meat chicken that has reached slaughter weight (around 30-60 days)
108
Define Bantam
A miniature version of a recognized chicken breed
109
Define Broody/Clucky
A hen that is ready to lay or sitting on eggs
110
Define Candling
Examining an egg - used to assess fertility
111
Define Poult
Young turkeys <6 months of age
112
Define Frizzle
A chicken breed where the feathers curl
113
Define Hackles
Feathers on the neck of the rooster
114
The red appendage on the top of a chicken’s head is called
The Comb
115
The fleshy appendage hanging on either side of the lower beak of poultry is called
Wattles
116
Code of Practice for husbandry of poultry is
Minimum floor/run area of 3m^2 for housing up to 6 bantams or 3 large birds
-increased enclosure size per additional bird
117
1 nest box can house ____ chickens
2-3
118
Chicken perches should be
-150mm in length per chicken
-500mm above ground
119
Weight gain occurs when
Energy in > energy out
120
5 nutrients, their source, and their role for chickens are
1. Protein (animal/vegetable) - growth, feathering, eggs
2. Carbohydrates (grain) - energy
3. Fat (grain) - energy, hormones
4. Vitamins (vegetables, fruits, supplements) - chemical processes
5. Minerals (grit, supplements) - bones, egg shells, chemical processes
121
Starter feed is for ___ and contains ____
-Hatchlings up to 6 weeks
-22% protein
122
Grower feed is for ____ and contains ____
-chickens 6-18 weeks
-14-16% protein
123
Layer feed is for _____ and contains _____
-chickens over 18 weeks
-15-18% protein
124
Three types of commercial feeds for chickens are
-Starter
-Grower
-Layer
125
Which chicken commercial feed. Obtains the most protein
Starter
126
4 feed types are
-scratch (treat)
-crumble (chicks)
-pellet
-mash (bit of everything; layers)
127
Grit can be
-insoluble
-soluble
128
Legal requirements of kitchen scraps for chickens
NO animal matter or other waste contaminated by animal matter is allowed to be fed
129
Unwell chickens will overeat _____ which causes _____
Grit ; blockage
130
A chicken should be fed
120-160g per day
131
A chicken should have how much water
Up to 500mL per day
132
Cockfighting for sport is
Illegal in Australia
133
Weekly water change in aquariums is recommended to
Decrease Nitrate levels
