Poultry Flashcards
(218 cards)
1
Q
Poultry evolved from
A
Red Jungle Fowl
2
Q
Chicks have a
A
Strong propensity to pick at particles - especially shiny objects
3
Q
Commercial poultry do not have
A
Maternal guidance
4
Q
Poultry feeding occurs
A
In the morning and before dusk
5
Q
Feed to water ratio for poultry is
A
2:1
6
Q
Three feed types for poultry are
A
-commercial feeds (starter, grower, layer)
-kitchen scraps
-shell grit
7
Q
Shell grit provides
A
Calcium
8
Q
Feeding only vegetable matter to chickens can result in
A
Not getting enough calcium
9
Q
Poor calcium requirements in chickens results in (3)
A
-inability to lay
-laying of soft shells
-hypocalcemia
10
Q
Comfort behaviours of poultry include (5)
A
-preening
-wing flapping
-feather ruffling
-stretching
-dust and water bathing
11
Q
Which gland is used to spread oil across the feathers
A
Uropygial (preen) Gland
12
Q
Poultry dust bathing helps to
A
Dislodge parasites
13
Q
Dust bathing in chickens usually occurs during
A
Warm afternoons
14
Q
Increased activity, restlessness, and sitting for 25-40 min means
A
The chicken is nesting and pre-laying
15
Q
Egg eating occurs when (5)
A
-overcrowding
-uneven nest space
-nutritional deficiency
-too much light
-disposing of cracked/broken eggs
16
Q
How can one stop egg eating (6)
A
-frequent gathering of eggs
-increasing nest availability
-darkening the nests (16 hours of darkness)
-beak modification
-inducing a moult
-culling
17
Q
As the chicken gets older, one should increase
A
Light and intensity
18
Q
Eggs are typically collected in
A
The morning
19
Q
Laying hens have been
A
Genetically modified to produce large quantities of eggs over a longer period of time
20
Q
Free range layers / boilers must have
A
Meaningful and regular access to an outdoor range during daylight hours and be free to roam/forage outside
21
Q
Stocking density of meat birds depends on
A
Ventilation
22
Q
In Australia, ____ sets the animal welfare standards
A
RSPCA
23
Q
Nutrition, environment, health, behaviour, and mental state are also known as
A
The Five Freedoms
24
Q
Good welfare of poultry includes (3)
A
-farming
-transport
-slaughter
25
Poor ventilation in the poultry industry can lead to
Wet floors = increased ammonia = increased disease
26
Too much ammonia with chickens can result in
Footpad Dermatitis
27
Footpad Dermatitis is rated
On a scale from 0-2
28
A score of 2 for Footpad Dermatitis means
Severe lesion/injuries >25%
29
Bumblefoot is caused by
Foot lesions
30
Excessive Feather Pecking can be a result of (9)
-large flocks
-poor management/environmental factors
-lighter breeds
-barren, crowded conditions
-dietary deficiency
-insufficient feed or water space
-abrupt ration change
-poor ventilation, high temperature, low humidity
-excessive light
31
Injurious Pecking is rated
On a scale of 0-2
32
A score of 2 for injurious pecking of the head/neck means
Large injuries >2cm
33
A score of 2 for injuries pecking on the body of chickens means
Large injuries >5cm
34
Cannibalism is more common in
Non-cage systems
35
How can one prevent cannibalism of poultry (3)
-ensure diet and environment are appropriate
-beak trimming/debeaking
-light intensity reduction
36
Effective beak treatment can prevent
-injuries
-cannibalism
-mortality
37
Infrared treatment is used for
Beak trimming
38
7 types of on-farm euthanasia methods for poultry
-Manual Cervical Dislocation
-Mechanical Cervical Dislocation
-Non-Penetrating Captive Bolt
-Penetrating Captive Bolt
-CO2
-Decapitation
-Blunt Force Trauma
39
Which on-farm euthanasia method in poultry is perceived as “good” to the public
CO2
40
Which method of euthanasia for poultry is recommended
Manual Cervical Dislocation
41
Which method of euthanasia of poultry has the highest biosecurity risk
Decapitation
42
Which mode of euthanasia of poultry may not always cause death
Mechanical Cervical Dislocation
43
Which mode of euthanasia of poultry is typically used for turkeys and broilers
Non-Penetrating Captive Bolt
44
Which methods of euthanasia are not practical for chicks or young poults
-Non-Penetrating Captive Bolt
-Penetrating Captive Bolt
45
KPI stands for
Key Performance Indicators
46
Not every egg is
Fertile
47
Hatch Set refers to
# of eggs hatched DIVIDED BY # of eggs set
48
Hatch of Fertile refers to
# of eggs hatched DIVIDED BY # of fertile eggs
49
Incubation of eggs will result in
Moisture loss
50
The Hatch Window should be
-as short as possible
-want all chicks to hatch together
51
Chick Yield refers to
How much weight is lost during incubation
52
Hatchability or Hatch of Set is
The number of live chicks
53
Define a clutch
The set of eggs a bird will lay before brooding begins
54
Brooding is
A natural instinct of chickens to stop laying eggs in order to incubate
55
Important incubation storage parameters include (3)
-physiological zero = 24 C
-relative humidity (RH) = 50-70%
-storage temperature = 15-29 C
56
The longer eggs are incubated
The cooler the temperature
57
At 1-6 days of egg storage, temperature should be ____ and humidity ____
18-19 C ; 50-60%
58
At 7-10 days of egg storage, temperature should be ___ and humidity ____
16-17 C ; 50-60%
59
At >11 days of egg storage, temperature should be ____ and humidity _____
15-16 C ; 60-70%
60
For egg storage, temperature ____ as time ____
Decreases ; increases
61
Incubation period for chickens is
21 days
62
Incubation period for turkeys is
28 days
63
Incubation period for ducks is
28 days
64
Number of daily turnings for chicken eggs
18
65
Number of daily turnings for turkey and duck eggs
25
66
Eggs should be turned daily until
Three days before transfer
67
For chickens, stop daily egg turning at
Day 18
68
For turkeys and ducks, stop daily egg turning
At day 25
69
The region for measuring eggshell temperature
Middle of egg
70
Egg shell temperature affects
Hatch window
71
The ideal shell temperature is
37.6 C
72
The ideal maximum egg moisture loss is
13%
73
At day 21, chicken eggs should ideally
Be 100% hatched
74
75% of chicken eggs should be hatched
12 hours before day 21
75
25% of chicken eggs should be hatched
24 hours before day 21
76
7 factors that affect early hatching are
-extended pre-heating period
-setting eggs too early (ie. eggs incubated over 21 days)
-incorrect setter and hatcher temperatures
-hot-spots
-incorrect ventilation
-seasonal temperature changes
-too many fertile eggs
77
8 factors affecting late/delayed hatching include
-setting eggs too late (incubated less than 21 days)
-incorrect setter and hatcher temperatures
-incorrect ventilation
-seasonal temperature
-eggs stored for too long
-eggs stored at too low a temperature
-disease/fertility problems
-increment setting patterns in multi-stage machines
78
Three factors that can affect early AND late hatch
-incorrect setter and hatcher temperatures
-incorrect ventilation
-seasonal temperature changes
79
How much time does it take to hatch a chicken
21 days
80
How much time does it take to hatch a turkey
28 days
81
Candling of eggs shows
Which eggs are not developing
82
Blood vessels in the egg during candling means
It is a live embryo
83
Candling of eggs occurs at
Day 7-10
84
A better performing hatchery will have
A higher % hatch of fertile eggs
85
Ideal chick yield should be
67-68%
86
A chick yield of <67% is ___ and results in ___
-low
-dehydrated chick that will be active and noisy
87
A chick yield of 68% is ____ and results in ____
-high
-a lazy chick that will not feed/drink
88
Term used to describe eggs being moved from the incubator to trays
Transfer
89
In-ovo vaccines occur at
Day 18
90
Four types of poultry vaccines
-Marek’s Disease (MD)
-Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT)
-Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD)
-Newcastle Disease (ND)
91
Two reportable chicken diseases
-Newcastle Disease (ND)
-Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT)
92
In-ovo vaccinations are given ____ and need to hit _____
-at day 18 in the blunt end of the egg
-must hit either Allantois or Bird
93
In-ovo vaccines will be absorbed by
Day 25
94
Coccidiosis vaccine is given
As a spray vaccine
95
Two types of beak trimming
-hot blade trimming
-infrared beak trimming
96
Broilers have a lifespan of
<2 months
97
Chicks will have internal immunity for
Infectious Bursal disease (IBD)
98
Commercial layers have a life span of
Around 2 years
99
Eye drops can be given to chickens for prevention against (3)
-Infectious Bronchitis (IB)
-Newcastle Disease (ND)
-Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT)
100
A wing stab is
Injection of the live vaccine for Fowlpox (FP)
101
Two types of brooding
-ring brooding
-whole room/house/shed brooding
102
Ring brooding is
-easier
-more efficient
103
From 21 days, the ideal temperature is ____ for broilers
20 C
104
Brooding chicks require
Supplemental heat for 2-3 weeks of age
105
Chick brooding temperature is correct when
Chicks are evenly spread out and noise level signifies contentment
106
Chicks in brooding will make no noise when
Temperature is too high
107
Chicks are crowded and noisy in the brooder when
Temperature is too low
108
Define Whencold
Chicks emit a loud, high-pitched cheeping sound
109
Crop fill after 2 hours should be
75% full
110
Crop fill after 48 hours should be
100% full
111
Crop checking is used to
Feel if crop is full ie. if the chick has eaten
112
Target CO2 levels for poultry is
<2500 ppm
113
Target CO levels in poultry is
<10 ppm
114
Brooding is
A chick 0-6 weeks old that cannot regulate its own heat
115
Growing in chickens is
A pullet 6-20 weeks old
116
Pullet grower feed is _______ and contains _____ than starter feed
-less expensive
-less protein
117
Beak trimming usually occurs during
The growing phase (6-20 weeks)
118
As body weight increases, egg production ____
Decreases
119
What influences the chickens reproductive system
Light and intensity
120
Chickens should have _____ of light and _____ of darkness
8 hours ; 16 hours
121
Three types of egg production systems and how many chickens in each
-intensive (10,000 - 1,000,000)
-semi-intensive (few hundred to few thousand)
-extensive (few chooks in the yard)
122
Chicken cages are (3)
-stacked in tiers in back-to back rows
-contain 10-20 birds per cage
-decreasing worldwide
123
Furnished cages are (2)
-Popular in Europe
-allow chicken to express natural behaviour
124
Advantages of caged housing (5)
-low rates of injury, disease and mortality
-lower carbon footprint
-less need for vet care
-protection from predators
-production of more and cleaner eggs
125
Disadvantages of caged housing (4)
-reduced social interaction
-unable to roam and explore
-unable to practice natural behaviours like nesting and dust bathing
-unable to perch leading to lower bone strength
126
Advantages of Barn/Aviary poultry system (4)
-protection from weather/predators
-ability to move around
-greater social interaction
-ability to express natural behaviours
127
Disadvantages to Barn/Aviary poultry system (6)
-increased risk of parasites
-difficult to identify/remove birds for treatment
-increased risk of feather pecking, fighting, and cannibalism
-increased risk of broken bones
-costs of production are increased
-greater labour requirements
128
Advantages of Free Range (4)
-access to outdoor area and ability to roam freely
-opportunity to interact socially
-ability to practise normal natural behaviours
-better bone strength
129
Disadvantages to Free Range (5)
-exposure to predators and weather
-harder biosecurity control
-increased likelihood of feather pecking, fighting, stress, and cannibalism
-increased risk of parasites
-increased need for antibiotics
130
Sexing of chickens can be done in one of four ways
-color sexing
-vent sexing
-feather sexing
-head spot sexing
131
All layers are
Female
132
In-ovo sexing can be done by
-invasive
-noninvasive
133
Purebred chickens can be sexed by
Primary feather growth
134
Male chicken vents contain
Genital papillae
135
Female vents lack a
Papillae
136
Turkeys and broilers will have variation in
Male / female growth
137
5 Broiler origins are
-New Hampshire
-Brahma
-Plymouth Rock
-Cornish Game
-Croad Langshan
138
Two Layer origin breeds
-Leghorn
-Rhode Island Red
139
White and brown eggs are
The same structurally and nutritionally
140
A male turkey is called a
Tom
141
A female turkey is called a
Hen
142
In commercial turkey production, males weigh ___ and females weigh ____
20 kg ; 10-12 kg
143
5 types of Heritage Turkeys are
-Naragansett
-Royal Palm
-Bourbon Red
-Broad Breasted Bronze
-Artisan Gold
144
Chick
A young chicken or turkey
145
Pullet
A young hen <6 months that has yet to lay eggs
146
Cockerel
Young rooster <6 months
147
Hen
A female chicken
148
Rooster/Cock
Male chicken >6 months
149
Layer
A hen >20 weeks that is laying eggs
150
Point of Lay
A Pullet (young hen) that is old enough to lay but hasn’t yet (16-21 weeks old)
151
Broiler
A meat chicken that reaches slaughter weight at 30-60 days
152
Bantam
A miniature version of a recognized chicken breed
153
Broody/Clucky
A hen that is ready to lay or is sitting on eggs
154
Candling
Examining an egg to assess fertility
155
Poult
A young turkey
156
Frizzle
A chicken breed where the feathers curl up
157
Hackles
Feathers on the neck of the rooster
158
Comb
Red appendage on the top of a chicken’s head
159
Wattles
Fleshy appendage handing on either side of the lower beak
160
Birds have (6)
-very high metabolic rate
-high oxygen demand
-various types of feathers
-no teeth (a gizzard is used)
-ability to lay eggs
-waste is excreted from only one orifice (cloaca)
161
Birds lack a
Diaphragm - air enters air sacs via abdominal breathing
162
The crop is
Gastrointestinal storage
163
The proventriculus is
The stomach of birds
164
Digestion in birds
Crop —> Proventriculus —> Gizzard —> Intestine
Takes ~3 hours
165
Meckel’s Diverticulum is
The yolk sac attachment
166
Faeces of birds is
-intestinal
-caecal
167
Caecal droppings
Occur every 8-10 droppings, look like diarrhea
168
Intestinal faeces accounts for ___ while caecal ___
90% ; 10%
169
Bird waste will have a white surface called
Urates
170
Bird breathing is
A one way system
171
Air sacs contain
No blood
172
Three parts of the feather
-rachis (base)
-barb (extensions off the rachis)
-barbules (extensions off the barb)
173
Fault bars are
Stress or nutritional issues resulting in a white line on the feather. Can be scored 0-3
174
Commercial poultry farming systems (4)
-free range
-cage
-barn-laid
-specialty
175
Poultry farming worldwide is highly
Vertically integrated
176
Ingham and Baiada
Are the two major poultry farmers in Australia (70%)
177
Vertical integration means
Control of two or more steps of production, processing, and marketing
178
Highest biosecurity level of the vertical integration system is
Breeder
179
Lowest biosecurity measures in the vertical integration system is
Distribution
180
Feed mills produce (4)
-soy
-corn
-barley
-wheat
181
Breeding of turkeys is done through
Artificial insemination
182
Eggs are in the hatchery for
21 days
183
Commercial rearing of poultry takes
4-6 weeks
184
Vertical Integration of Broilers and Turkeys involves 6 steps
1. Breeder
2. Breeding and Multiplication
-company owned
-contract farms
3. Hatchery
4. Commercial Rearing
-company owned
-contract farms
5. Slaughter and Processing
6. Distribution
185
Vertical integration of layers involves 6 steps:
1. Breeder
2. Breeding and Multiplication
-company owned
-contract farms
3. Hatchery
4. Pullet Rearing
-company owned
-contract farms
5. Egg Laying and Production
6. Grading and Distribution
186
Most meat chickens come from
Intensive system farming
187
Potential sources of disease in poultry come from: (10)
-feed
-housing
-rodents
-insects
-people
-litter
-other poultry/livestock
-equipment
-source of flocks
-hatchery
188
Factors influencing infection risk in poultry (5)
-location of farm
-design of facilities
-range of flock age
-proximity of farm to central facilities (feed mills processing plants, hatchery)
-farm entry
189
Three key stages of biosecurity
1. Conceptual - site planning
2. Structural - building design
3. Operational - site management
190
Site Design and Planning involves (6)
-conceptual biosecurity
-one entry point
-control points
-drainage
-proximity to migratory bids
-distance from other farms
191
Building Design of poultry involves (6)
-structural biosecurity
-prevention of wild animals and birds
-prevention of spread of Avian Influenza
-drainage
-ventilation
-physical structure and materials used
192
Site management of poultry involves (5)
-operational biosecurity
-correct procedures
-wheel washing
-step over Barrie’s
-cleaning and disinfecting
193
Farm biosecurity is secured by
-design
-planning
-restriction
194
All-in-all-out
-Prevents bringing diseases into a flock through the arrival of new bids
-Allows for a transition period between flock groups to clean and disinfect
195
Two types of entry rooms
-greatgrandparent/grandparent (GGP/GP)
-danish entry
196
6 types of barn/shed ventilation
-cross ventilation
-side ventilation
-longitudinal ventilation
-tunnel ventilation
-combitunnel ventilation
-extra ventilation in the gable
197
New birds must be
Isolated and quarantined for a minimum of 2 weeks
198
The lowest risk chickens are
One day old
199
Older bids are more likely to be
Diseased or carriers of disease
200
Fowl Chlorea is transmitted by
Rodents
201
Three types of chicken mites
-northern fowl mite
-red mites
-scaly leg mite
202
Scaly leg mite is typically seen in ___ and causes ____
Backyard and outdoor flocks ; hyperkeratosis
203
Three internal parasites that can harm poultry
-large round worms
-caecal worms
-tape worms
204
Direct transmission
Causative agent is passed directly from affected bird to healthy bird
205
Horizontal vs Vertical transmission
-Both are direct transition
-horizontal is bird to bird
-vertical is hen to egg
206
Indirect Transmission
Causative agent is passed indirectly from an affect bird to a healthy bird via an intermediate host (ex. People)
207
4 genetic changes of poultry over the past 35 years
-higher persistency (produce eggs for longer time)
-higher egg mass (more eggs produced)
-smaller hen (less feed needed)
-extended single-cycle production period
208
What are the components of the Breeder’s Equation
R = response to selection (genetic change)
i = selection intensity
h^2 = heritability of a trait
op = phenotypical variation
L = generation interval (usually 1 year)
209
Breeders Equation is
R = (i h^2 op) / L
Why poultry breeders have been so successful in getting genetic change
210
Most meat chickens in AUstralia come from
Cobb and Ross strains
211
Which chickens are used for breeding only
Great Grandparents (GGPs)
212
Meat chickens come from the ____ generation
4th
213
As chicken growth _____ , leg strength ____
Increases ; decreases
214
Ducks are brooded for
10-14 days
215
Why are turkeys artificially inseminated
Increases fertility
216
Fertile egg and infertile egg can be differentiated by
Examining the Germinal Spot
217
Sexing of chickens by assessing feather color pattern is done at what age
Day old chicken
218
Function of the shell membranes of the egg is to provide
Protection from bacterial invasion
