Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

VETS1025: Animal Management > Dairy > Flashcards

Dairy Flashcards

1
Q

Ungulates

A

Mammals with hooves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cattle can live up to

A

25 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Gestation time in cattle is

A

283 days (9 months) +/- 14 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Calves weigh

A

25-45 kgs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Smaller breed cattle weigh

A

270-450 kgs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

British cattle weigh

A

450-900 kgs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Large breed cattle weigh

A

630-1130 kgs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cattle are used for

A

-meat
-milk
-hide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Three main dairy breeds are

A

-Holstein Freisan
-Brown Swiss
-Jersey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Two main types of Dual Purpose cattle breeds are

A

-Normande
-Fleckvieh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define Bull

A

Uncastrated male cattle that is breeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define Steer

A

Castrated male cattle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define Cow

A

Female cattle that is breeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define Heifer

A

Female cattle that has not calved yet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define Dry Cow

A

A cow that is 7+ months pregnant and CANNOT be milked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define Springer / Close up / Transition

A

Dry cow on last 3 weeks of calving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A Dry Cow on her last 3 weeks of calving is called

A

-Springer
-Close-up
-Transition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define Fresh Cows

A

A cow that is 40 days post-calf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define first-calf heifer and how to handle

A

-heifer experiencing her first birth
-more likely to kick; be more gentle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define Freemartin

A

The female in a set of twins - has reduced reproductive capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cattle Senses include

A

-sensitive hearing (less able to localize sound)
-four primary tastes (preference for sweet and salty)
-vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Vision in cattle is

A

-the dominant sense
-wide field view of 330 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cattle can see everywhere except

A

Directly behind them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The cattle’s pupil is

A

Oval shaped - in line with the horizon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Narrow Binocular Vision utilizes

A

Two eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Panoramic vision utilizes

A

One eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Blind spot is located

A

Directly behind the cow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

PALS in cattle handling stands for

A

-Patience
-Angle
-Location
-Speed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Cattle will try to protect

A

Their head and neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

You should not approach cattle

A

Head on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Pressure Zone is

A

Region where cattle will begin to move away from

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Flight Zone is

A

The area where the cattle will run or do damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Cattle will move ____ when the handler crosses the _______

A

Forward; Point of Balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Four positive behaviours for cattle handling include:

A

-gentle hit
-predictable movements
-soft talking
-voice commands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

5 Negative behaviours for cattle handling include

A

-abrupt movements
-cattle prod
-loud shouting / yelling
-hitting with a metal object
-tail-twists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Negative behaviours can lead to (3)

A

-high fear
-low production
-poor welfare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Cattle Restraint can be

A

Chemical and/or Mechanical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Mechanical Restrain includes (3)

A

-cattle crush/chute
-head halter
-nose pliers/grips

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

A cattle crush/chute can be

A

-manual or hydraulic
-squeeze or not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

First cows arrived in Australia in

A

1788 in NSW

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Dairy Industry began in QLD in the

A

1890s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

First milking machines were introduced in

A

1900

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

First calf born by Artificial Insemination was in

A

1944

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The world’s 3rd largest dairy exporter is

A

Australia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

About ____% of milk production is exported in Australia

A

36%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Most dairy industries are located

A

In coastal areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Market Milk is (3)

A

-processed immediately for drinking
-short shelf life
-mainly produced in QLD and NSW

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Manufactured milk is (3)

A

-used in the manufacturing of dairy products
-has a longer shelf life
-mainly made in Victoria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Australian milk prices are based on these two components

A

-milk fat
-protein solids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

The main dairy breed used in Australia is

A

Holstein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Holstein Breed (5 facts):

A

-account for 75% of dairy cows in Australia
-black and white
-large breed
-horned
-high volume, low components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Jersey Breed (5 facts):

A

-second most common breed in Australia
-smallest dairy cow
-fawn colour
-horned
-low volume, high components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Brown Swiss Breed (6 facts):

A

-second most common dairy breed worldwide
-light brown to grey and darker shades
-horned and polled
-large size
-average production, high components
-longer pregnancy (290 days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Pregnancy usually lasts

A

283 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Ayrshire Breed (5 facts):

A

-mostly in Victoria and NSW
-shade of red or brown with white (can be all white)
-long, curved horns
-medium size
-average production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Guernsey Breed (4 facts):

A

-popular in all states but mainly in South Australia and Victoria
-fawn, red, and white with yellow pigmentation of skin
-medium size
-average production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Illawarra Breed (6 facts)

A

-developed in Australia
-mix of 3 breeds: Ayrshire, Devon, and Milking Shorthorn
-red, white, roan
-horned
-medium sized
-average production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Main Cattle housing system in Australia is

A

Pastoral

59
Q

What housing system is not allowed in Australia

A

Tie-Stalls

60
Q

Main source of cattle feed is

A

Pasture

61
Q

Pastoral or pasture based feeding is (3)

A

-cheap
-takes 8-8.5 hours to maintain weight and production
-cons: environment factors / hazards

62
Q

A feedpad is used to

A

Bring food to the cow to decrease eating time (2 hours) and increase production

63
Q

Feedpads have a low height to

A

Increase saliva production which aids in rumination

64
Q

Define Calf

A

Young male or female cattle

65
Q

Define Bobby Calf

A

Young male calf usually destined for veal

66
Q

Define Dam

A

Female parent in a pedigree

67
Q

Define Sire

A

Male parent in a pedigree

68
Q

Define Empty Cow

A

Not pregnant

69
Q

How can you tell if a cow is close to heat and in heat

A

Close to heat = jumping
In heat = standing

70
Q

Define Colostrum

A

First milk following calving

71
Q

Define Lactation and how long it should last

A

Period of milk production (ideally 305 days)

72
Q

DIM stands for ___ and means ____

A

-Days in Milk
-from calving to present day

73
Q

A non-lactating cow is dried off around

A

7 months pregnancy

74
Q

Dry Cow Therapy involves

A

Milking the cow out and putting antibiotics in the utter

75
Q

Define Cull Cow

A

Cow to be removed from the herd (not necessarily going to slaughter)

76
Q

A cow unable to rise is called a

A

Downer Cow

77
Q

Define Milking Parlour

A

Specialized area of the farm where milking is performed by hand or machine

78
Q

Define Cluster

A

The four parts of the milking machine that take the milk from the utter to deliver to the vat

79
Q

Inflammation or infection of the cow’s mammary glands is called

A

Mastitis

80
Q

SCC stands for ____ and represents _____

A

-Somatic Cell Count
-number of white blood cells per mL of milk

81
Q

Somatic Cell Count (SCC) can be used

A

As an indication of infection

82
Q

Define Bulk Milk Tank

A

An on farm refrigerated, stainless steel storage vessel in which milk is cooled quickly to 2-4 degrees C and is constantly agitated

83
Q

To agitate the milk means

A

The milk does not separate

84
Q

Calves cannot

A

Regulate their own temperature properly

85
Q

Colostrum (4 points):

A

-provides passive immunity
-mostly protein
-given as soon as possible (first 6 hours of life and again before 24 hours of life)
-best from the 3rd to 7th lactation (1st calf colostrum is rarely used)

86
Q

Calves are separated from their mothers for two reasons

A

-decrease risk of pathogens
-breed out maternal instinct

87
Q

Colostrum intake depends on three factors:

A

-timing
-quality
-quantity (10-15% of body weight)

88
Q

Calves are weaned off milk when

A

They are double their birth weight

89
Q

Cows can start breeding at

A

15 months of age

90
Q

Ideally, a heifer should be calving at

A

21 months of age

91
Q

Identification of Cattle can be done through 6 ways:

A

-ear marking/notching
-ear tattoo
-freeze branding
-photography
-ear tagging (both ears)
-radio frequency identification devices (RFID)

92
Q

Ear tattooing of cattle is (4 points)

A

-permanent
-used in pedigrees
-time consuming
-difficult to read

93
Q

Ear marking/notching of cattle is (3 points):

A

-permanent
-welfare issue
-not really used in dairy

94
Q

Freeze branding in cattle is (4 points):

A

-permanent
-not useful on white cows
-uses liquid nitrogen
-easier to read than fire branding

95
Q

Ear tags are

A

Not permanent

96
Q

Photography of cattle is used for

A

-stud cattle (especially Holstein) with high genetic value

97
Q

Define Disbudding

A

-removal of horn producing cells in calves less than 2 months

98
Q

Define Dehorning

A

-removal of horn and horn processing tissues

99
Q

The cattle’s horn is attached to

A

The skull

100
Q

Dehorning will leave

A

The sinus exposed

101
Q

Disbudding is a welfare issues because it is

A

Painful and unnecessary

102
Q

Which is preferred: disbudding or dehorning

A

Disbudding

103
Q

Castration of cattle is

A

-not a common husbandry procedure in dairy
-can be surgical or non-surgical

104
Q

5 diseases Cattle should be vaccinated against:

A

-Clostridial Diseases
-Leptospirosis
-Botulism
-Bovine Ephemeral Fever
-Tick Fever

105
Q

Clostridial Diseases include (5):

A

-tetanus
-malignant oedema
-blackleg
-enterotoxaemia
-black disease

106
Q

A cattle 5 in 1 vaccine is used for

A

Clostridial diseases

107
Q

A cattle 7 in 1 vaccine is used for

A

Leptospirosis and Clostridial Diseases

108
Q

5 in 1 or 7 in 1 vaccines are given at

A

First Dose: 3-6 months
Second Dose: 4-6 weeks later
Annual Booster

109
Q

BEF vaccine protects against

A

Bovine Ephemeral Fever

110
Q

Four main health issues in cattle include

A

-mastitis
-calving issues
-lameness
-metabolic disease (hypercalcemia)

111
Q

PMR stands for

A

Partial Mixed Ration (pasture + extra feed)

112
Q

TMR stands for

A

Total Mixed Ration (no pasture)

113
Q

Grass pros (3) and cons (4):

A

Pros:
-cheap
-cow is designed to eat it
-less disease

Cons:
-difficult to control/monitor intake
-irrigation needed
-depends on weather
-supplements needed

114
Q

Supplements are (3 points) ; pros (4) and cons (3):

A

-high energy feeds to increase production
-usually given during milking
-can be grain, hay/silage, or by products

Pros:
-increased production
-less reliance on rainfall
-cheap
-easier to monitor intake

Cons:
-fluctuating supplies
-variable prices
-can increase likelihood of acidosis

115
Q

PMR and TMR pros (3) and cons (2):

A

Pros:
-increases production
-not reliant on weather
-better nutritional control (in TMR)

Cons:
-increased cost
-increased risk of Management Diseases (mastitis, LDA, RDA, Acidosis, Lameness)

116
Q

2 Welfare issues in the milking/holding yard

A

-poor ventilation
-cramped (increased risk of mastitis and lameness)

117
Q

Most calf growth occurs in the last _____ of gestation

A

2 months

118
Q

Peak lactation occurs

A

6-8 weeks post-calving

119
Q

Why is milk from the first 6-8 milkings withheld?

A

Colostrum curdles milk

120
Q

Cows are milked

A

Two times a day

121
Q

Most costly disease of dairy cattle worldwide is

A

Mastitis

122
Q

Clinical signs of Mastitis

A

-pain
-swelling
-redness
-milk changes

123
Q

Mastitis can be caused by two factors

A

-contagions through milking
-environment

124
Q

Mastitis results in

A

-reduced volume
-reduced quality

125
Q

Why Dry Off cows? (2)

A

-increased production during the next lactation
-best chance to remove infection

126
Q

Dry Off Period should last

A

50-60 days

127
Q

Incidence vs Prevalence

A

How often vs How many

128
Q

How to Dry Off:

A

-once a day milking
-decrease feed to maintenance only
-insertion of antibiotic
-application of teat dip

129
Q

Define Open Days

A

Period from calving to conception

130
Q

Conception rate is higher in _____ than _____

A

Bulls ; AI

131
Q

Three types of Calving Patterns:

A

-Seasonal
-Split/Batch
-Year Round

132
Q

Seasonal Calving Pattern (4 points):

A

-Victoria and New Zealand
-calving occurs once a year during August - September at the same time for all cows
-manufacture milk
-most common production system

133
Q

Split/Batch Calving Patterns (3 points):

A

-two distinct calving periods through spring and summer
-maximizes production
-increasing in popularity

134
Q

Year Round Calving Pattern (5 points):

A

-non-seasonal
-cows are milked year round (even supply)
-market/white milk
-mainly in QLD, WA, and Northern NSW
-less efficient

135
Q

Define Lameness

A

Impairment of the locomotor system

136
Q

Prevention of Lameness includes

A

-risk factor evaluation of environment
-hoof trimming
-foot baths

137
Q

Lameness can be caused by three factors

A

-environment
-poor management/handling
-animals with wider hips and low BCS

138
Q

Five M’s that relate to a Downer Cow

A

-Mastitis
-Metritis (inflammation of uterine)
-Musculoskeletal
-Metabolic Disease (hypocalcemia)
-Massive Infection

139
Q

If the head is up then ______ is lame

A

Front foot

140
Q

If the head is down then _____ is lame

A

Back foot

141
Q

BCS stands for ____ and is used for ____

A

Body Condition Score (1-5)
-indication of the amount of fat cover on a dairy cow

142
Q

Body condition scoring is

A

A visual assessment (subjective) of the amount of muscle and fat covering the bones of a cow

143
Q

3 Goals of BCS include:

A

-early detection of health problems
-identify area for improved feeding management
-improve herd health, production, reproduction, and profitability

144
Q

Ideal BCS targets at calving and at mating are

A

Calving: 3.25-3.75
Mating: 2.75-3.25

VETS1025: Animal Management (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions