animal biotech

Question 1

A broad range of technologies using scientific and
engineering principles applied to animals used for food,
medicine, diagnostic, health, and other biological applications

Answer 1

animal biotech

Question 2

Combining animals and biotechnology results in
advances in four primary areas:

Answer 2

• advacement in human health
• improvemed animal health and welfare
• enhanced animal products
• environemental & conservation benefits

Question 3

uses of GMO (3)

Answer 3

develop new medical treatments
imrpoved food supply
enhanced understanding of animals and humans

Question 4

model animals (6)

Answer 4

1. zebrafish (brachydanio rerio)
2. dogs (canis lupus familiaris)
3. monkey & chimpanzee (cercopithecidae)
4. mice
5. drosophila
6. rabit (oryctolagus cuniculus)

Question 5

other model organisms

Answer 5

1. frog- american clawed frog(xenopus laevis)
2. worms (caenorhabditis elegans)
3. arabidopsis thaliana

Question 6

origin of zebrafish

Answer 6

south asia

Question 7

zebrafish percentage of genes similar to human body

Answer 7

70 percent

Question 8

zebrafish
weekly progeny:
complete embryogenesis:
development of internal organs:

Answer 8

weekly progeny: 200 eggs
complete embryogenesis: 120 hrs
development of internal organs: 48-72 hrs after fertilization

Question 9

percetage of genetic similarity between dogs and humans

Answer 9

95 percent

Question 10

-used to study all kinds of disease
-easily accessible
-very similarto humans
-genetically modified

Answer 10

mice

Question 11

-low cost
-rapid generation
-small genome
- used to study of genes and genetic mutations

Answer 11

drosophila

Question 12

-Short lifecycle
-Very docile, easy to handle
-Phylogenetically close to humans
-Used to study all kinds of
diseases

Answer 12

rabbit

Question 13

disadvantages of using animals in testing

Answer 13

• costly and time-consuming
• does not completely mimic human response to various testing
• questionable ethically

Question 14

involves the use of animals for pre-clinical testing before allowed in humans.

Answer 14

FDA Phase testing

Question 15

If the new drug candidate has proven to be non-toxic and has benefit, then it can be awarded an ____________ (IND)
status.

Answer 15

Investigational New Drug

Question 16

years, tested on, purpose of preclinical tesing for drug approval

Answer 16

years: 3.5
tested on: animals in the lab
purpose: assess safety and biological activity & file IND at FDA

Question 17

years, tested on, purpose of phase I for drug approval

Answer 17

years: 1
tested on: 20-80 healthy volunteers
purpose: determine safety and dosage

Question 18

years, tested on, purpose of phase II for drug approval

Answer 18

years: 2
tested on: 100-300 patient volunteers
purpose: evaluate effectiveness & side-effects

Question 19

years, tested on, purpose of phase III for drug approval

Answer 19

years: 3
tested on: 1000-3000
purpose: verify effectiveness and monitor adverse reactions from long-term use & file IND at FDA

Question 20

years, tested on, purpose of FDA for drug approval

Answer 20

years: 2.5
tested on: N/A
purpose: review process/approval

Question 21

purpose of phase IV for drug approval

Answer 21

purpose: additional testing after approval required by FDA

Question 22

three R’s in animal testing

Answer 22

1. reduce number of higher species for testing
2. replace animals with alternative models if possible
3. refine tests and experiments to ensure most humane conditions possible

Question 23

alternatives to the use of animals (2)

Answer 23

human cell cultures
computed-generated models

Question 24

year-use of insulin as a treatment against diabetes in dogs.

Answer 24

1920

Question 25

year - discovery of the effects of anesthesia in laboratory rats

Answer 25

1930

Question 26

year - the effectiveness of penicillin as an antibiotic was proven in mice

Answer 26

1940

Question 27

year- development of hip prostheses following studies in sheep

Answer 27

1950

Question 28

year - the antidepressant effect of some molecules that act on the brain was demonstrated

Answer 28

1960

Question 29

year - manufacture of the asthma inhaler after tests on guinea pigs

Answer 29

1970

Question 30

year - implementation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a diagnostic tool in pigs

Answer 30

1980

Question 31

year - discovery of antiretroviral drugs against HIV in monkeys

Answer 31

1990

Question 32

year - development of a vaccine against cervical cancer in rabbits

Answer 32

2000

Question 33

year - use of stem cells to repair heart tissue in zebrafish

Answer 33

2010

Question 34

animals that stably incorporated engineered DNA into its germ-line; such organism is able to pass the transgene onto all the offspring;

Answer 34

transgenic animals

Question 35

true or false: all cells of a transgenic organism contain the transgene

Answer 35

true

Question 36

# w Some techniques that can used to introduce new genetic material into animals (7)

Answer 36

* retrovirus-mediated transgenics * pronuclear microinjection * ESCs method * sperm-mediated transfer * gene guns * knockouts * knock-in or gene knock-in

Question 37

– accomplished by infecting mouse embryos with retroviruses before the embryos are implanted; the retrovirus acts as a vector for the new DNA.

Answer 37

Retrovirus-mediated transgenics

Question 38

-the technique is limited to the size of the transgene and the virus’ own genetic sequence that could interfere with the process.

Answer 38

Retrovirus-mediated transgenics

Question 39

introduces the transgene DNA at the earliest possible stage of development of the zygote; no vector is needed because the gene is directly injected, therefore no external genetic sequence can interfere with the process.

Answer 39

Pronuclear microinjection

Question 40

ESC method steps

Answer 40

1. ES cells are harvested from the inner cell mass of blastocysts nad are mixed with rDNA 2. some ES cells absorbs the DNA and transformed by the new genetic material 3. transformed cells will be injected to the inncer cell mass of a host blastocyst

Question 41

uses ____ proteins to attach DNA to sperm cells; when it fertilizes the egg, the sperm carries the valuable gene along with it.

Answer 41

linker, Sperm-mediated transfer

Question 42

in animals, it is used to deliver vaccines into the body.

Answer 42

gene guns

Question 43

the process of genetically muting the expression of a gene.

Answer 43

knockout

Question 44

A ________, refers to the use of genetic engineering to inactivate or remove one or more specific genes from an organism.

Answer 44

knockout

Question 45

the process of inserting a new gene to the organism

Answer 45

Knock-in or Gene Knock-in