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Animal Organisation Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

What is a tissue? - Animal Organisation

A

A group of cells working together to perform a certain function

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2
Q

What is an organ? - Animal Organisation

A

A group of tissues working together to perform specific functions

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3
Q

What 3 characteristics improve the effectiveness of exchange surfaces? - Animal Organisation

A

A large surface area
A short diffusion distance
A large concentration difference

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4
Q

What examples are there of a large surface area being used to increase effectiveness of transport? - Animal Organisation

A

The alveoli in a respiratory system having a large surface area
The villi in a digestive system (LONG THIN)

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5
Q

What examples are there of a short diffusion distance increasing effectiveness of transport? - Animal Organisation

A

The walls of capillaries are one cell thick

The flattened shape of structures like leaves

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6
Q

How are villi adapted to increase absorption? - Animal Organisation

A

The villi have a large surface area due to their finger-like appearance. They also have micro-villi on the end to increase absorption.

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7
Q

How is the human respiratory system adapted for absorbing oxygen and transferring CO2? - Animal Organisation

A

The ribs are protected by 12 sets of lungs
There are lots of alveoli
They are small so have a large SA:V ratio
Short diffusion distance between alveoli and capillaries

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8
Q

How are carbohydrates used and where are they sourced? - Animal Organisation

A

Used for respiration as a source of energy
Starch: potatoes, rice, bread, pasta, cereals
Sugars: Fruit, chocolate, sweets, fizzy drinks

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9
Q

What are proteins needed for and where are they sourced?

A

Growth and repair of muscles

Meat, eggs, cheese, nuts, pulses

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10
Q

How are lipids used and where are they sourced? - Animal Organisation

A

An energy source, make up cell membranes

Butter, meat, oily fish, nuts, seeds

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11
Q

What are proteins made of? - Animal Organisation

A

Amino acids

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12
Q

Why must molecules be digested and broken down? - Animal Organisation

A

Molecules are too large to pass through the gut wall and must be broken down first

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13
Q

What food test is used to detect sugars + how (what method, what colours show sugar is present?) - Food tests

A

Benedict’s solution
Heat the benedict’s solution and food in a water bath
If sugar is present, the solution goes green, red, yellow or orange

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14
Q

What food test is used to detect starch + how (what method, what colours show starch is present?) - Food tests

A

Add iodine solution to the food

Foods containing starch will turn blue-black

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15
Q

What food test is used to detect proteins + how (what method, what colour shows starch is present?) - Food tests

A

Add 1cm3 of biuret solution A to food
Mix the liquids together
Add 1cm3 of biuret solution B and mix
A purple colour indicates that protein is present

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16
Q

What enzyme helps digests starch? + where is it produced? - Enzymes

A

Pancreatic amylase

Mouth, pancreas, small intestine

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17
Q

What enzyme helps digest proteins + where is it produced? - Enzymes

A

Protease

Small intestine, stomach, pancreas

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18
Q

What enzyme helps digest fats? + where is it produced? - Enzymes

A

Lipase

Pancreas, small intestine

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19
Q

What products are there when starch is broken down + at what pH? - Enzymes

A

Glucose

pH 7

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20
Q

What products are there when protein is broken down + at what pH? - Enzymes

A

Amino acids

pH 2

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21
Q

What products are there when lipids are broken down + at what pH? - Enzymes

A

Fatty acids + glycerol

pH 7

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22
Q

Where does pancreatic amylase act? - Enzymes

A

Mouth, small intestine

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23
Q

Where does protease act? - Enzymes

A

Stomach, small intestine

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24
Q

Where does lipase act? - Enzymes

A

Small intestine

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25
How is the rate of absorption increased in the villi? Where are the villi located? - Absorption
The surface of the villi is covered in micro-villi, increasing the SA:V ratio Very close to capillaries, digested food absorbed straight into bloodstream Located on the small intestine wall
26
What are enzymes? - Enzymes
Enzymes are biological catalysts. They speed up chemical reactions
27
How do enzymes work? - Enzymes
An enzyme and substrate collide. The active site is where the 2 join, and they have a complementary shape. The breakdown of the substrate speeds up.
28
What is the theory of enzyme specificity called? - Enzymes
The lock + key theory
29
What is the relationship between temperature and enzyme activity? - Enzymes
By increasing temperature, collisions between enzymes and substrates we increased as they have increased kinetic energy
30
What is the optimum temperature for most human enzymes? - Enzymes
37°C, human body temperature
31
How can intense temperatures affect an enzyme? - Enzymes
If an enzyme's temperatures disrupt the shape of the active site, it can denature the enzyme, preventing it from working.
32
What is the temperature at which an enzyme works best called? - Enzymes
The enzyme's optimum temperature
33
What are enzymes made from? - Enzymes
Enzymes are made from proteins from amino acids, which are held together by weak intermolecular forces
34
What is the relationship between pH and enzyme activity? - Enzymes
Specific enzymes have specific pHs which can increase their optimum rate, whereas extreme differences in pH can denature an enzyme
35
How do you calculate the rate of a reaction? - Enzymes
1/Time taken
36
What does the liver produce to aid fat digestion? - Digestion
The liver produces bile, a substance which emulsifies fats to prepare them for digestion
37
What is the emulsification of fats? - Enzymes
The breaking down of fats into tiny droplets with a larger SA:V Ratio
38
How do small organisms transport substances? - Transport
Diffusion
39
What common features are there of transport systems? - Transport
Made up of tubes/vessels that carry substances | Make close contact with cells
40
Name 4 substances transported in the blood - Transport
Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Glucose, Urea, antibodies, hormones
41
Where are dissolved substances like glucose and urea carried in the blood? - Transport
In blood plasma
42
Describe the movement of blood (in terms of the heart) from oxygenated to deoxygenated - Transport
In through pulmonary vein, out through aorta, in through vena cava, out through pulmonary artery
43
What is a double circulatory system? - Transport
A circulatory system which separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
44
How is the back flowing of blood prevented? - Transport
Valves in the veins
45
What faults can heart valves have? - Transport
May not open as wide as it should, restricting blood flow to the heart May not close fully, allowing blood to leak into the atrium
46
How can faulty heart valves be replaced? - Transport
A biological valve from a human donor or created from animal tissues A mechanical valve made from durable materials
47
Where are pacemaker cells located? - Transport
In the right atrium
48
What is the function of the pacemaker cells? - Transport
They generate electrical signals that make the heart contract independently of the nervous system
49
When might an artificial pacemaker be needed? - Transport
If the rhythm of the heart's natural pacemaker becomes disrupted, and it can be abnormally slow or fast or irregular
50
What is an artificial pacemaker? - Transport
A small, battery operated device, implanted in the chest, that sends out regular electrical impulses, producing normal heart contractions
51
Which directions do veins carry blood in? what type of blood? under what pressure? - Transport
Veins carry blood towards the heart, carrying deoxygenated blood, apart from the pulmonary vein. Under low pressure.
52
What type of walls do veins have, and what type of lumen? - Transport
Veins have thin walls with less muscular tissue. They have a wide lumen.
53
Which directions do arteries carry blood in? what type of blood? under what pressure? - Transport
Arteries carry blood away from the heart, carrying oxygenated blood, apart from the pulmonary artery. Carry blood under high pressure.
54
What type of walls do arteries have, and what type of lumen? - Transport
Arteries have thick, muscular walls, with narrow lumens
55
How do capillaries easily allow the transport of molecules? - Transport
The walls of capillaries are only 1 cell thick
56
What is plasma? - Transport
A straw coloured liquid, carrying cells and cell fragments, which makes up over half of blood's volume
57
Name 3 blood cell parts carried in plasma - Transport
Red blood cells White blood cells Platelet fragments
58
What is the purpose of platelets? - Transport
Allows blood to clot, forming scabs
59
What is the purpose of white blood cells? - Transport
They ingest pathogens and produce antibodies
60
What is the purpose of red blood cells? - Transport
They transport oxygen in the blood needed for aerobic respiration
61
What are phagocytes? - Transport
Phagocytes are white blood cells which engulf and destroy pathogens in the blood. This is called phagocytosis
62
What are lymphocytes? - Transport
White blood cells which produce antibodies
63
What are antibodies? - Transport
A protein produced by the immune system in animals that attack antigens. They are specific to different pathogens
64
What is coronary heart disease? - Transport
Coronary heart disease is the build up of fatty material in the coronary arteries, which can restrict blood + oxygen supply to the heart
65
What are statins? Who uses them? What disadvantages are there? - Transport
Statins are drugs that help lower cholesterol by lowering cholesterol production in the liver. Used by people with heart disease. Taken long term, cannot be used if pregnant or breastfeeding. Can result in memory loss, type 2 diabetes.
66
What is a vascular stent? Who uses them? What disadvantages are there? - Transport
Stents open up blocked coronary arteries, maintaining blood flow. Long term solution. Made from metal alloys. Used when drugs aren’t effective. Risk of heart attacks/strokes
67
When is a heart transplant potentially required? - Transport
In cases of heart failure
68
What disadvantages are there of replacement heart valves? - Transport
Biological valves may wear out, whereas mechanical valves may allow blood clots, meaning drugs must be taken
69
What disadvantages of heart transplants are there? - Transport
There are very few heart donors available, with a long recovery time. Risk of rejection from the immune system
70
How can cardiac output be calculated? - Transport
CO = heart rate (bpm) x stroke volume (cm3 per beat)
71
Which enzyme breaks down the substrate starch?
Amylase
72
Which enzyme breaks down the substrate proteins?
Protease
73
Which enzyme breaks down the substrate lipid?
Lipase
74
What is the product of starch being broken down by amylase?
Glucose
75
What is the product of protein being broken down by protease?
Amino acids
76
What is the product of lipids being broken down by lipase?
Fatty acids and glycerol
77
Where is amylase made?
Mouth pancreas and small intestines
78
Where is protease made?
Stomach, pancreas and small intestines
79
Where is lipase made?
Pancreas and small intestine
80
Which substrate does amylase break down?
Starch
81
Which substrate does the enzyme protease break down?
Proteins
82
Which substrate does the enzyme lipase break down?
Lipids
83
Where does amylase act?
Mouth and small intestines
84
Where does protease act?
Stomach and small intestines
85
Where does lipase act?
Small intestines
86
What pH conditions does amylase require?
Neutral- 7
87
What pH conditions are required by protease?
Acidic- 2 or neutral- 7
88
What pH conditions does lipase require?
Neutral- 7
89
Name the enzyme controlled reactions:
- Respiration - DNA replication - Photosynthesis - Fermentation - Digestion
90
What is the active site?
The area on the enzyme on which the reaction takes place

Biology (7 decks)

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