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Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is a non-communicable disease? - Diseases

A

A disease which isn’t transferred between organisms

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2
Q

Give 3 examples of non-communicable diseases - Diseases

A

Cancer
Diabetes
Heart disease
Genetic diseases

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3
Q

What is a communicable disease? - Diseases

A

A disease can which can be transferred from one organism to another

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4
Q

Give 4 examples of communicable diseases - Diseases

A 
HIV
Malaria
Gonorrhoea 
Rose black spot
Tobacco Mosaic virus
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5
Q

What is a cancerous cell? - Diseases

A

A cell that, when produced through mitosis, begins to divide uncontrollably, even if not required. This produces a tumour

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6
Q

Describe the characteristics of benign tumours - Diseases

A

Grow slowly, within a membrane meaning they can be easily removed. Do not invade other parts of the body.

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7
Q

Describe the characteristics of a malignant tumour - Diseases

A

Grows quickly, invading neighbouring cells and tissues. Can spread in the bloodstream. Cancer cells can detach and form secondary tumours. CALLED METASTASIS

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8
Q

What can cause cancer? - Diseases

A 
Viruses like HPV through sex
Smoking (exposure to carcinogens)
Alcohol intake
Exposure to ionising or UV radiation 
Eating processed and fatty foods
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9
Q

How does smoking increase the risk of cardiovascular disease? - Diseases

A

Damages the lining of arteries, encouraging the build up of fatty material
Inhalation of CO reduces the oxygen of the blood
Nicotine increases heart rate and strain on heart

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10
Q

What damage other than cancer does smoking cause? - Disease

A

Can damage the bronchioles and the alveoli
A lack of cilia hairs can cause a build up of mucus
A patient can become breathless

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11
Q

What impacts can smoking have on babies? - Disease

A

Increases the risk of a miscarriage
Increases the risk of children having respiratory issues
Affects long term intellect and growth
Increases risk of birth defects

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12
Q

Name 3 short term effects of alcohol consumption - Disease

A 
Slows reaction time
Causes difficulty in terms of mobility
Can impair memory
Slurs speech
Causes behavioural changes
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13
Q

Name 3 longer term effects of alcohol consumption - Disease

A 
Causes brain shrinkages
Leads to memory problems
Leads to psychiatric problems
May result in addiction
May result in a requirement of care
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14
Q

What are pathogens? - Disease

A

A microorganism that causes disease

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15
Q

Name the 4 types of microorganism - Disease

A

Viruses
Bacteria
Protist
Fungi

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16
Q

Describe the effects of Rose Black Spot + name what type of pathogen it is - Disease

A

FUNGUS - Makes black or purple spots on leaves, causing them to drop off. Reduces rate of photosynthesis.

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17
Q

Describe the effects of Tobacco Mosaic Virus + name what type of pathogen it is - Disease

A

VIRUS - Affects tomato plants. Infects the chloroplasts of a plant. Can mottle plant leaves in a mosaic fashion, yellows the plant tissue, stunted growth as photosynthesis is affected

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18
Q

Describe the effects of HIV + name what type of pathogen it is - Disease

A

VIRUS - causes nausea, fatigue, night sweats, rapid weight loss

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19
Q

Describe the effects of Gonorrhoea + name what type of pathogen it is - Disease

A

BACTERIA - Burning sensation when urinating, green or yellow discharge from the penis or vagina

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20
Q

Describe the effects of Malaria + name what type of pathogen it is - Disease

A

PROTIST - Fever, nausea, headaches, chills, abdominal pains

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21
Q

Describe the effects of Salmonella + name what type of pathogen it is - Disease

A

BACTERIA - Vomiting, diarrhoea, fever, headache

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22
Q

Describe the effects of Measles + name what type of pathogen it is - Disease

A

VIRUS - runny or blocked nose, sneezing, red eyes, aches and pains

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23
Q

How are HIV + Gonorrhoea spread? - Disease

A

Direct sexual contact

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24
Q

How is salmonella spread? - Disease

A

Unhygienic food preparation

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25
Q

How is measles spread? - Disease

A

Coughing and sneezing in the air

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26
Q

How is rose black spot treated? - Disease

A

By removal of affected areas and spraying with fungicide

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27
Q

How is salmonella treated? - Disease

A

With a short course of antibiotics

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28
Q

How is Gonorrhoea treated? - Disease

A

With a short course of antibiotics

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29
Q

How is malaria prevented? - Disease

A

Use of mosquito nets prevents the transfer of malaria, insect repellent can be used

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30
Q

Is there a treatment for HIV? - Disease

A

No vaccine, but there are drugs that can be taken to allow those who live with it to live a normal length life

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31
Q

Why are viruses not classed as living? + what are they classed as? - Disease

A

They do not complete all of the 7 life processes

Classed as strains of viruses

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32
Q

How is Tobacco Mosaic Virus spread? - Disease

A

Transferred by contact between plants

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33
Q

How is malaria spread? - Disease

A

Malaria is spread through the transfer of infected blood, via a mosquito

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34
Q

How can the spread of disease be limited? - Disease

A

Using suitable hygiene in food prep
Using vaccinations
Using contraception to prevent the transfer of bodily fluids in sex

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35
Q

How does the skin protect against pathogens? - Disease

A

Covers all major organs and the majority of the body to protect from infection. PHYSICAL BARRIER

36
Q

How do the trachea and bronchi protect against pathogens? - Disease

A

The throat contains cilia which wafts away mucus which collects pathogens, protecting organs

37
Q

How does the stomach protect against pathogens? - Disease

A

The stomach contains acid, which is strong enough to kill any pathogens that reach the stomach through mucus. CHEMICAL BARRIER

38
Q

How do phagocytes protect against pathogens? - Disease

A

They are attracted to pathogens in the blood, and they engulf and break down the pathogens. This destroys them.

39
Q

How do lymphocytes protect against disease? - Disease

A

Lymphocytes have proteins called antibodies, which neutralise antigens produced by pathogens

40
Q

What substance other than antibodies do lymphocytes produce to combat pathogens? - Disease

A

Lymphocytes produce antitoxins which are specific to certain toxins

41
Q

What process is used to identify cancers? - Disease

A

Cancer screenings

42
Q

Name 3 processes used to identify cancers - Disease

A

Cancer screenings
X-Rays
Blood/Urine tests
Monoclonal antibodies

43
Q

Name 3 cancer treatments and describe them - Disease

A

Chemotherapy - using chemicals to kill cancer cells
Radiotherapy - using X-Rays to kill cancer cells
Palliative care - helps a person with terminal cancer to die comfortably

44
Q

What are vaccines? (In terms of their composition) - Disease

A

Vaccines are dead or weakened forms of a disease injected into a person in order to develop resistance to a disease

45
Q

What do vaccines do? (In terms of lymphocytes) - Disease

A

They allow lymphocytes to produce complementary antibodies which attach to specific antigens.

46
Q

How do primary infections and secondary infections differ in terms of antibody production? - Disease

A

Following the primary infection, antibody production spikes before decreasing after 10 days, whereas after the secondary infection, antibodies peak much quicker and stay in production for a long time.

47
Q

What is herd immunity? - Disease

A

The protection given to a population against an outbreak of a specific disease when a very high percentage of the population have been vaccinated against it

48
Q

What are painkillers? - Disease

A

Painkillers are chemicals that relieve the symptoms but do not kill pathogens

49
Q

What are antibiotics? - Disease

A

Antibiotics are substances that slow down or kill bacteria. ONLY KILL BACTERIAL DISEASES

50
Q

How do antibiotics work? (In terms of cells) - Disease

A

Antibiotics only damage bacterial cells, without damaging any host cells. ANTIBIOTICS ARE SPECIFIC

51
Q

Why can’t viral diseases be cured by antibiotics? - Disease

A

The viruses reproduce inside host cells, and therefore are not damaged by antibiotics

52
Q

What 3 problems are there with antibiotics? - Disease

A

Antibiotics are OVERUSED
People often fail to complete the full course of antibiotics
Antibiotics are used in farming

53
Q

How is overuse a problem with antibiotics? - Disease

A

People feeling unwell expect antibiotics for small illnesses. This allows the pathogen to develop new antigens and become immune to the antibiotic resistance.

54
Q

How is failing to complete an antibiotic course a problem? - Disease

A

This means that all bacteria may not be killed. As a result, any surviving bacteria can mutate into resistant strains, which spread quickly.

55
Q

How is agricultural use a problem with antibiotics? - Disease

A

Antibiotics were used excessively in farming to prevent any spread of disease among livestock. This can lead to resistant diseases, which can be transmitted into human hosts

56
Q

How can antibiotic resistance be reduced? - Disease

A

Only take antibiotics when necessary
Use specific antibiotics for specific bacteria
Use very good hygiene levels in hospitals
Isolate resistant strains from other patients

57
Q

How often can bacteria multiply? + by what type of cell division? - Disease

A

Bacteria replicate approximately every 20 minutes by binary fission

58
Q

How do you calculate the number of bacteria produced for a certain population? - Disease

A
  1. Calculate how many times one bacteria divides in 1 hour

2. Multiply the number of original bacteria by 2 (binary fission) to the power of the number of divisions

59
Q

How do you calculate the effectiveness of an antibiotic when using an Agar plate? - Disease

A
  1. Find the diameter of the area cleared of bacteria, dividing it by 2 to find the radius.
  2. Use Pi x Radius ^2
  3. The larger the area, the more effective the antibiotic
60
Q

What was thalidomide? - Disease

A

Thalidomide was a drug used in the 1950s as a sleeping pill which unofficially helped with morning sickness. It led to severe deformities in babies such as shortened or incomplete limbs

61
Q

How is thalidomide used today? - Disease

A

Thalidomide is now used as a bone cancer treatment and as a treatment for leprosy. It is heavily regulated.

62
Q

What process must drugs go through before commercial production? - Disease

A

Drugs must be trialled and tested before production

63
Q

Why must drugs be tested? - Disease

A

In order to test their safety and effectiveness

In order to calculate their optimum dosage

64
Q

What is the first stage of drugs testing? - Disease

A

The drugs are tested on skin cells in a laboratory, giving a general idea of any side effects, and potential damage they may cause

65
Q

What is the second stage of drugs testing? - Disease

A

Drugs are tested in animals in the second stage. They are monitored for any side effects, and given a known dosage.

66
Q

What is the third stage of drugs testing? - Disease

A

Drugs are used in clinical trials. They are tested on healthy volunteers to check they are safe. They are tested on ill people to check if they work with low doses, before increasing this to find the optimum dose

67
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies? - Disease

A

Monoclonal antibodies are identical copies of one type of antibody

68
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies formed? - Disease

A

Antigens are injected into a mouse. The mouse produces lymphocytes, which produce specific antibodies. Tumour cells are combined with the lymphocytes, forming hybridoma cells, producing millions of monoclonal antibodies.

69
Q

Why are tumour cells used to create monoclonal antibodies? - Disease

A

They reproduce rapidly, leading to quick production of antibodies

70
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests? - Disease

A

The monoclonal antibodies bind with a hormone called HCG which is only found in the urine of pregnant women. The antibodies are on the end of the stick, and if HCG is present, a colour change or symbol will indicate pregnancy.

71
Q

What benefits are there of monoclonal antibodies? - Disease

A 
They have many uses in the medical world:
Tests for pregnancy
Tests for STDs like HIV and AIDS
Helps to treat cancer
Detects the use of illegal drugs
72
Q

What problems are there with monoclonal antibodies? - Disease

A

They cannot treat as wide a range of illnesses as originally believed
They are very expensive to produce

73
Q

What ethical issues are there with the production of monoclonal antibodies? - Disease

A

Some people disagree with use of mice for production

Drug trials involving monoclonal antibodies can be dangerous, with one resulting in organ failure

74
Q

What are deficiency diseases in plants? - Disease

A

A disease that develops because an organism doesn’t have good access to mineral ions

75
Q

What is an effect of NITRATE + MAGNESIUM ION deficiency? - Disease

A

The amount of chlorophyll in a plant decreases, resulting in the plant’s leaves turning yellow or pale. This also reduces a plant’s ability to photosynthesise

76
Q

How do plants defend themselves from pathogens? - Disease

A

Plants covered in bark, forming a physical barrier against infection.
Leaves covered with a waxy cuticle which stops cells from becoming infected.
Stinging nettles have poison to stop themselves from being eaten.

77
Q

What is different about pathogens in vaccines?

A

Pathogens are weakened or dead

78
Q

What are made in response to the vaccine?

A

Antibodies which produce antitoxins and memory cells

79
Q

What type of cells in the immune system produces antibodies

A

White blood cells

80
Q

True or false, antibodies are made from proteins

A

True

81
Q

What type of protein is used by the body to counter antigens?

A

Antibodies

82
Q

What is the name of the proteins on the surface of cells?

A

Antigens

83
Q

What is the name of the process where a white blood cell engulfs a pathogen?

A

Phagocytosis

84
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis

A

The white blood cells engulf the pathogen and destroy/ digest it.

85
Q

What is the name of an antibody that only reacts with a highly specific antigen?

A

Monoclonal antibody

Biology (7 decks)

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