Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation to calculate the magnification of a microscope? - Cells

A

Magnification of the microscope = magnification of eyepiece x magnification of objective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the equation to calculate the size of an image? - Cells

A

Size of image = magnification x real size of object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What must be placed over microscope samples before analysis of them? - Cells

A

A cover slip, prevents contamination or the sample from drying out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How can cells be seen better or other cell structures identified? - Cells

A

By staining or colouring cells, certain structures or whole cells can be seen under microscopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What + and - of light microscopes are there? - Cells

A

+ cheap, very good at seeing basic structures in cells

- have a low resolution in comparison to electron microscopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What + and - of electron microscopes are there? - Cells

A

+ can see the most minuscule structures and sections of cells
- very expensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm? - Cells

A

It is where the majority of chemical reactions take place in a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of the nucleus? - Cells

A

Contains genetic material and DNA, controlling the cell’s activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane? - Cells

A

Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria? - Cells

A

Organelles used for respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of ribosomes? - Cells

A

Tiny structures where proteins are made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts? - Cells

A

Organelles that contain green pigment which absorb light energy for photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of the cell wall? - Cells

A

Provides shape and structure, making the cell strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole? - Cells

A

Filled with cell sap in order to make the cell turgid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are prokaryotic cells? - Cells

A

Bacteria cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are eukaryotic cells? - Cells

A

Animal, plant or fungal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Are prokaryotic cells larger or smaller than eukaryotic cells? - Cells

A

Smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How are sperm cells specialised? (2) - Cells

A

The head of the sperm contains all genetic material
The tail enables the sperm to swim
The midpiece contains lots of mitochondria to release energy to swim and fertilise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How are root hair cells specialised? (2) - Cells

A

Has a large surface area to intake the maximum amount of water
Has thin walls which don’t restrict the movement of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How are xylem cells specialised? (2) - Cells

A

There are no end walls, meaning water can continuously move

Walls strengthened with lignin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is DNA found in a cell? - Cells

A

Within the Chromosmes of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What type of cell division ensures identical genetics? - Cells

A

Mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the process of cell division in terms of DNA - Cells

A

Each chromosome is made from a single DNA molecule. When a cell is ready to divide, the DNA copies itself, before condensing into a chromosome

24
Q

How many chromosomes does the human body have and how many pairs? - Cells

A

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

25
Q

Why do cells need to divide? - Cells

A

When an organism grows

When an organism becomes damaged + needs to produce new cells

26
Q

Describe the cell cycle - Cells

A

Cells grow, before duplicating through DNA synthesis. The DNA is checked for errors. The cells being to split via mitosis. Cytoplasm begins to split and 2 separate cells are formed.

27
Q

What are the 2 cells called that are produced via mitosis? - Cells

A

Daughter cells

28
Q

What happens after DNA replicates in a cell, forming 2 copies of each chromosome - Cells

A

The nuclear membrane of the cell and chromosomes line up down the centre of the cell

29
Q

What happens after the nuclear membrane of the cell and chromosomes line up down the centre of the cell? - Cells

A

One pair of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell, and the nucleus divides

30
Q

What is the final stage of mitosis? - Cells

A

The cytoplasm and cell membranes divide, forming identical cells

31
Q

What are stem cells? - Cells

A

They are cells that have not yet undergone differentiation, not specialised

32
Q

How can stem cells be harvested? - Cells

A

They can be harvested from early-stage embryos (EMBRYONIC)

Or they can be harvested from the brain, eyes, heart, liver, blood or muscles in ADULTS

33
Q

What limitation do adult stem cells have? - Cells

A

Adult stem cells can only differentiate into related cell types (eg bone marrow -> blood cells BUT NOT other cell types)

34
Q

Where does cell division occur in PLANTS? - Cells

A

In regions called meristems, where cells can specialise into all types at any time.

35
Q

How do both animals and plants first exist as? - Cells

A

They first begin as 1 fertilised cell or ZYGOTE

36
Q

How is cloning plants effective? - Cells

A

It is quicker than allowing plants to reproduce
Effective way of preventing rare and endangered species from becoming extinct
Useful for large scale cultivation

37
Q

What is an example of natural cloning in plants? - Cells

A

Runners in strawberry plants which put down new roots to form identical plants

38
Q

How can stem cells be used to treat diseases and medical conditions? - Cells

A

They can be specialised to replace damaged cells from brain injury, MS, damaged spinal cords

39
Q

What problems are there with the use of embryonic stem cells? - Cells

A

There are ethical issues involved with using human embryos as specialised cells as some people may see them as humans.

40
Q

What do adult stem cell transplants use to guarantee success? - Cells

A

They use a patient’s own stem cells, meaning the immune system will not reject them

41
Q

What clinical issues are involved with stem cell use? - Cells

A

There is no guarantee of the success of stem cell transplants
There is difficulty in storing embryonic stem cells
Cultured cells could be contaminated

42
Q

During diffusion, how do particles move? - Cells

A

Particles move from a high concentration to a low concentration

43
Q

What is a concentration gradient? - Cells

A

The difference in the concentration of a chemical across a membrane

44
Q

In osmosis and diffusion, do particles move up or down a concentration gradient? - Cells

A

Down a concentration gradient, from high to low

45
Q

How does the concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion? - Cells

A

The larger the difference in concentration, the quicker the rate of diffusion

46
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion and why? - Cells

A

The higher the temperature, the quicker the rate of diffusion. Particles will have more kinetic energy, meaning they move and mix quicker

47
Q

How does the Surface Area : Volume ratio affect the rate of movement of particles around a substance? - Cells

A

The larger the surface area : volume ratio, the faster particles can transport through a substance

48
Q

What is the relationship of the size of a cube to the surface area to volume ratio? - Cells

A

As a cube increases in size, a surface area : volume ratio decreases

49
Q

What is osmosis? - Cells

A

The diffusion of water molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration through a partially permeable membrane

50
Q

What happens when water molecules reach an equilibrium on each side of the membrane? - Cells

A

The movement of water molecules will cease when the levels are the same on each side

51
Q

What is active transport? - Cells

A

Active transport moves molecules against a concentration gradient, requiring energy

52
Q

When does active transport occur in plants? - Cells

A

When plants intake mineral ions, they travel through root hair cells, where the concentration is higher than in the soil itself.

53
Q

When does active transport occur in animals? - Cells

A

When glucose molecules may be in a higher concentration in the intestine than in the intestinal cells

54
Q

What substances are moved by diffusion? - Cells

A

CO2, Oxygen, food substances, water

55
Q

What substances are moved by active transport? - Cells

A

Mineral ions, glucose

Biology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions