Animal Physiology Flashcards
Antibody production and vaccination, Movement, The kidney and osmoregulation, Sexual reproduction (134 cards)
1
Q
Define “antigen”
A
2
Q
List example antigen molecules
A
2
Q
Describe activation of B cell lymphocytes by the helper T cells
A
3
Q
Explain the “challenge and response” mechanism of specific immunity
A
3
Q
Describe activation of helper T lymphocytes by the macrophage
A
3
Q
Describe clonal selection of plasma B cells
A
4
Q
Outline the structure and function of plasma B cells
A
5
Q
Outline four modes of antibody action
A
6
Q
Define “immunity”
A
7
Q
State two mechanisms of immunity
A
8
Q
Explain the differences between the primary and secondary immune responses
A
9
Q
Explain the principle of vaccination
A
10
Q
Outline mechanisms that prevent some pathogens from crossing species
A
11
Q
Define “zoonosis”
A
12
Q
List three examples of zoonotic diseases
A
13
Q
List allergic symptoms caused by histamines
A
14
Q
State the source and function of histamine proteins
A
15
Q
State the function of an anti-histamine
A
16
Q
Explain the production of hybridoma cells
A
17
Q
Define “monoclonal antibody”
A
18
Q
Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies in hybridoma cells
A
19
Q
Outline the use of monoclonal antibodies in diagnosis and treatment
A
20
Q
Outline the difference between the ABO blood antigens
A
21
Q
State the four human ABO blood types.
A
22
Describe the consequence of mismatched blood transfusions, including agglutination and hemolysis
23
Describe the global initiative used to eradicate smallpox
24
Define "epidemiology"
24
Describe a pregnancy test strip works, including the role of free and immobilized monoclonal antibodies
25
Outline the role of an epidemiologist in vaccination programs
26
Describe how Jenner tested his smallpox vaccine
27
List reasons when Jenner’s test would not be approved today
28
State the function of bones and exoskeletons
29
Determine the class of motion of a lever
29
Contrast bones with exoskeletons
30
State an example of an antagonistic pair of muscles
30
Identify the fulcrum, effort force and resultant force in the motion of the spine and the grasshopper leg
31
Define "antagonistic pairs" in relation to muscle movement
32
Compare the motion of hinge joints with the motion of a ball and socket joint
33
Outline motion of the human knee, shoulder and hip in terms of flexion, extension, rotation, abduction and adduction
33
List three types of muscle tissue found in the human body
34
Label a diagram of a muscle fibre cell, including the sacrolemma, nuclei, sacroplasmic reticulum and mitochondria
35
Outline the relationship between muscles, muscle fibre cells and myofibrils
36
Outline the relationship between myofibrils and sacromeres
37
Describe a structure of a sarcomere., including the Zline, thin actin filaments, thick myosin filaments, light band and dark band
38
Explain the sliding-filament mechanism of muscle contraction, including the role of myosin heads, cross bridges and ATP
39
Explain the exposure of myosin head binding sites on actin, including the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium, troponin and tropomyosin
40
List the events that occur during cross-bridge cycles
41
Describe the role of ATP in muscle contraction
42
Label the tibia, femur, tarsus, flexor muscle and extensor muscle on a diagram of a grasshopper hind limb
43
Describe the contraction of muscles and movement of hindlimb structures that produces a grasshopper jump
44
Label a diagram of the human elbow inclusive of: humerus, triceps, biceps, joint capsule, synovial fluid, radius, cartilage and ulna
45
Draw a diagram of the structure of a sarcomere
45
State the function of structures found in the human elbow, including: humerus, triceps, biceps, joint capsule, synovial fluid, radius, cartilage and ulna
46
Label a sarcomere diagram, including Z lines, actin filaments, myosin filaments with heads and the resultant light and dark bands
47
Compare a relaxed sarcomere to a contracted sarcomere, referring to Z line distance and size of light bands
48
Describe the use of fluorescence to study muscle contraction
48
Determine of a sarcomere is contracted or relaxed given an electron micrograph image
49
Explain the bioluminescence observed in muscle contraction studies using calcium sensitive aequorin
50
Explain the bioluminescence observed in muscle contraction studies using fluorescently tagged myosin molecules
51
List three example osmoregulator animals and three example osmoconformer animals
Osmoregulators:
Osmoconformers:
51
Define "osmoregulator" and "osmoconformer"
Osmoregulator:
Osmoconformer:
52
Define "osmoregulation"
53
State the nitrogenous waste products found in insects and mammals
54
Outline the structure and function of the Malpighian tubule system
55
State the functions of the kidney
55
List 4 substances that are found in higher concentration in the renal artery than in the renal vein
56
Distinguish between osmoregulation and excretion
57
Compare the relative glucose, oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations between the renal artery and the renal vein
58
State that plasma proteins are not filtered by the kidney so should be present in the same concentration in the renal artery and renal vein
59
Outline the cause and effect of high blood pressure in the kidney glomerulus
59
Define "filtrate" and "ultrafiltration"
Filtrate:
Ultrafiltration:
60
Outline the role of fenestration, the basement membrane and podocytes in ultrafiltration
60
List solutes found in glomerular filtrate
61
Explain why plasma proteins and blood cells are not part of glomerular filtrate
62
On a glomerulus diagram, label the basement membrane, fenestrations, podocyte foot processes, podocytes
63
Describe the relationship between the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
64
List substances in the glomerular filtrate that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule
65
Explain why cells lining the lumen of the proximal convoluted tubule have microvilli and many mitochondria
66
Outline the mechanism of selective reabsorption of sodium ions, chloride ions, glucose and water
67
State the overall function of the loop of Henle
68
Outline the role of interstitial fluid in osmoregulation
69
Describe the structure and function of the descending limb of the loop of Henle
70
Describe the structure and function of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
71
Describe why the loop of Henle is a countercurrent multiplier system
72
Outline the relationship between habitat and length of the loop of Henle
73
Outline the relationship between habitat and relative medullary thickness
74
Outline the tonicity of filtrate entering the distal convoluted tubule from the loop of Henle
75
Outline the of low blood solute concentration on the volume of urine produced, solute concentration in the urine, permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to water and volume of water reabsorbed
76
Outline the of high blood solute concentration on the volume of urine produced, solute concentration in the urine, permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to water and volume of water reabsorbed
77
Outline the source and function of ADH in osmoregulation
78
Outline the production and effect of ammonia in animals
78
State the nitrogenous waste products released by: aquatic organisms, terrestrial organisms, marine mammals, amphibians, birds and insects.
Aquatic organisms:
Terrestrial organisms:
Marine mammals:
Amphibians:
Birds:
Insects:
79
Compare urea and uric acid
Urea:
Uric acid:
80
Outline the causes and consequences of dehydration
81
Outline the causes and consequences of overhydration
82
Outline the process of hemodialysis
83
List two common causes of kidney failure
84
Outline the process of kidney transplant
85
Define "urinalysis"
86
Outline the treatment of kidney stones by ultrasound
87
Outline the microscopic examination of urine for detection of infection, kidney stones or kidney tumors
88
Outline the use of a urine test strip in detection of diabetes, kidney damage and drug use
89
Draw a diagram of a human kidney
90
Label the renal artery, renal vein, cortex, medulla, renal pelvis and ureter on a diagram of the human kidney
91
Define "nephron"
92
Annotate a diagram of the nephron with the following structures and associated functions: Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle,. distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, vasa recta and venules
93
94
Define "oogenesis" and "spermatogenesis"
Oogenesis:
Spermatogenesis:
95
Outline the processes involved in spermatogenesis within the testes, including mitosis, cell growth, the two divisions of meiosis and cell differentiation
96
Outline the processes involved in oogenesis within the ovary, including mitosis, cell growth, the two divisions of meiosis, the unequal division of cytoplasm and the degeneration of polar body
97
Compare the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, including the number of gametes, size of games, the timing of formation and release of gametes
98
Define "polyspermy" and explain why it is detrimental to an organism
99
Outline the process of fertilization
100
Describe mechanisms that prevent polyspermy
101
Compare internal and external fertilization
102
Define "zygote", "blastocyst" and "fetus"
Zygote:
Blastocyst:
Fetus:
103
Outline embryonic development from zygote to blastocyst
104
List the source, target and function of HCG
104
Draw a diagram of a blastocyst, labeling the inner cell mass
105
Describe the structure of the placenta, including the fetal villus, fetal capillary, maternal blood pool and chorion)
105
List the direction and mechanism of transport between maternal and fetal blood for CO2, O2, glucose, urea, antibodies and water in the placenta
106
Explain the benefits of having a high chorion surface area and a selectively permeable placental barrier
107
List the source, target and function of estrogen and progesterone as related to pregnancy
108
List the source, target and function of estrogen and oxytocin as related to the birth process
109
Analyze a graph to determine the relationship between gestation time and animal mass
110
Label the following on a diagram of a seminiferous tubule: interstitial cells, basement membrane, germinal epithelium cells, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, Sertoli cells, spermatids, spermatozoa and spermatogonium
110
Contrast altricial and precocial development mechanisms
111
Label the following on a diagram of a ovary: basement membrane, primary follicles, primary oocytes, developing follicles, secondary follicles, secondary oocycle, mature follicle, developing corpus luteum, corpus luteum, and degenerating corpus luteum.
112
Label the following on a diagram of a mature sperm: head, acrosome, plasma membrane, haploid nucleus, midpiece, helical mitochondria, microtubules, protein fibres in tail and tail
113
State the function of each of the following sperm structures: head, acrosome, plasma membrane, haploid nucleus, midpiece, helical mitochondria, microtubules, protein fibres in tail and tail
114
Label the following on a diagram of a mature egg: haploid nucleus, centrioles, polar body, plasma membrane, corona radiata, zona pellucida, cortical granules and cytoplasm
115
State the function of each of the following egg structures: haploid nucleus, centrioles, polar body, plasma membrane, corona radiata, zona pellucida, cortical granules and cytoplasm
116
Outline how the female contraceptive pill prevents pregnancy
117
Describe problems attributed to estrogen pollution in water
