Evolution and Biodiversity

Question 1

Define “evolution”

Question 2

Explain three pieces of evidence that fossils provide that evolution has occurred

Question 2

Contrast analogous structures and homologous structures

Answer 2

Analogous:

Homologous:

Question 2

Use an example to explain how selective breeding has lead to evolution in a species

Question 2

Define “strata” and “paleontology”

Answer 2

Strata:

Paleontology:

Question 2

Explain the process of artificial selection using selective breeding

Question 2

Contrast convergent evolution and adaptive radiation

Answer 2

Convergent evolution:

Adaptive radiation:

Question 3

Define “vestigial structure”

Question 3

State an example of homologous structures

Question 3

State an example of analogous structures

Question 4

State an example of a vestigial structure

Question 5

Describe the process of gradual speciation

Question 5

Explain how continuous variation across geographical ranges is evidence of evolutionary change

Question 6

State an example of recognizably different populations of the same species across a geographical range

Question 7

Define “pentadactyl limb”

Question 8

List the bone structures present in the pentadactyl limb

Question 9

Identify pentadactyl limb structures in diagrams of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

Question 10

Relate differences in pentadactyl limb structures to differences in limb function

Question 11

​Explain how natural selection leads to changes in the melanistic variety of insects in polluted areas

Question 12

Propose a mechanism that explains the pattern found in vertebrate limb structure yet allows for the specialization of different limb functions

Question 13

Define “variation”

Question 14

Explain why natural selection can only function if there is variation in a species

Question 15

List sources of genetic variation

Answer 15

Mutation, meiosis, sexual reproduction

Question 16

Define “adaptation”

Question 17

List examples of adaptations

Question 18

Use an example to illustrate the potential for overproduction of offspring in a population

Question 19

State that species have the ability to produce more offspring than the environment can support

Question 20

Outline how a "selective pressure" acts on the variation in a population

Question 21

List examples of "selective pressures"

Question 22

Explain the effect of the selective pressure on the more and less adapted individuals in a population

Question 23

Contrast acquired characteristics with inheritable characteristics

Question 24

State that only inherited characteristics can be acted upon by natural selection

Question 25

Compare the reproductive success of better and less well adapted individuals in a population

Question 26

Explain the cause of the change in frequency of traits in a population through natural selection

Question 27

Outline the role of Charles Darwin and Peter and Rosemary Grant in the study of Galapagos finches

Question 28

Explain how natural selection leads to changes in the beaks of Galapagos finches with changes in weather conditions

Question 29

Outline the effect of not completing a full dose of antibiotics on the development of antibiotic resistance

Question 30

Explain how natural selection leads to changes in antibiotic resistance

Question 31

List reasons why evolution of antibiotic resistance has been rapid

Question 31

List three trends that have been observed in the development of antibiotic resistance

Question 32

Use a graph to illustrate antibiotic resistance over time

Question 33

​Outline the role of botanical and zoological congresses in the naming of plants and animals

Question 34

Define "binomial nomenclature"

Question 35

State three rules of binomial nomenclature formatting

Question 36

Define "taxon" and "taxonomist"

Question 37

List the hierarchy of taxa, from largest to smallest

Answer 37

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Question 38

State the two groups of prokaryotes

Question 39

Draw a tree diagram to illustrate the evolutionary relationship between organisms of the three domains

Question 40

List the three domains of life

Question 40

Outline differences between the three domains of life

Question 41

​Define "natural classification"

Question 42

List two situations in which the reclassification of a species may be necessary

Question 42

List the four kingdoms of eukaryotes

Question 43

List two difficulties in determining the natural classification of species

Question 44

Outline an example of a species (or group of species) which were reclassified when new evidence was discovered

Question 44

Explain two specific advantages of natural classification

Question 45

​State the classification of a plant, from domain to species

Question 46

​State the classification of an animal, from domain to species

Question 47

State the four major plant phyla

Answer 47

Bryophyte, filicinophyta, coniferophyta, angiospermophyta

Question 48

Identify the phyla of plant given external recognition features

Question 49

Outline the characteristics of five major vertebrate classes

Question 49

State seven major animal phyla

Answer 49

Porifera, cnidarian pletyhelmintha, annelida, mollusca, arthropoda, chordata

Question 49

Outline the characteristics of seven major animal phyla

Question 50

Contrast "chordate" and "vertebrate"

Question 50

State five major classes of chordata

Question 51

Create a dichotomous key given a sample of known specimens

Question 51

Identify the phyla of animal given external recognition features

Question 52

Explain the use of a dichotomous key in the identification of a specimen

Question 52

Identify the vertebrate class of animal given external recognition features

Question 53

State the role of Carl Linnaeus in naming species

Question 53

​​Outline why the binomial naming system is used in science rather than local names

Question 54

Define "clade" and "cladistics"

Question 55

Outline the relationship between time, evolutionary relationships and biological sequences (nitrogenous base or amino acid)

Question 56

Contrast analogous and homologous traits

Answer 56

Analogous: Homologous:

Question 56

Outline the use of a “molecular clock” to determine time since divergence between two species

Question 57

State the source of differences between biological sequences (nitrogenous base or amino acid)

Question 58

State an example of analogous and homologous traits

Question 58

Define "cladogram" and "node"

Question 59

Outline how computer programs analyze biological sequence data to create cladograms

Question 60

Identify members of clades given a cladogram

Question 61

Outline the role of technological advancements in the development of cladistics

Question 62

Explain why the development of cladistics lead to the reclassification of some species

Question 63

Interpret a cladogram depicting primate species

Question 64

Outline the reason and evidence for the reclassification of the figwort family

Question 65

Analyze a cladogram to explain the evolutionary relationship between species

Question 66

Discuss the use of cladograms as hypotheses of evolutionary relationships

Question 67

Outline the reason why biological theories may change with time