Option: Human Physiology Flashcards
Human nutrition, Digestion, Functions of the liver, The heart, Hormones and metabolism, Transport of respiratory gases (175 cards)
1
Q
Define “essential” as related to dietary nutrients
A
Dietary nutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body; therefore they have to be included in the diet
2
Q
State the difference between a vitamin and a mineral
A
2
Q
Define “non-essential” as related to dietary nutrients
A
Dietary nutrients that can be synthesized by the body
2
Q
List two example essential minerals
A
3
Q
Define “vitamin”
A
Chemically diverse carbon compounds that cannot be synthesized by the body
3
Q
Given a molecular diagram of a vitamin, determine if it is hydrophobic or hydrophilic
A
4
Q
Compare the properties of water soluble and fat soluble vitamins
A
5
Q
List two example water soluble vitamins and two example fat soluble vitamins
A
6
Q
Outline the concept of “conditionally essential” using amino acid examples
A
7
Q
Outline two causes of malnutrition
A
Deficiency:
Excess of nutrients in diet:
7
Q
Outline the effect of protein deficiency malnutrition on children and adults
A
8
Q
Describe how hormones and the appetite control center regulate a desire to eat
A
9
Q
Define “hypertension”
A
10
Q
Outline the reasons for the relationship between weight gain and hypertension
A
11
Q
Outline the causes of the two type of diabetes mellitus
A
12
Q
List risk factors associated with type II diabetes
A
12
Q
State symptoms of type II diabetes
A
12
Q
Explain loss of muscle mass during starvation
A
13
Q
List cardiovascular effects of type II diabetes
A
13
Q
State the cause of starvation
A
14
Q
State the function of ascorbic acid, Vitamin C
A
14
Q
Outline the genetic cause of phenylketonuria (PKU)
A
15
Q
Outline the cause, symptoms and treatment of scurvy
A
Cause:
Symptoms:
Treatment:
15
Q
Analyze a cladogram based on the mutations in the GLO gene, used in Vitamin C synthesis
A
16
List consequences of phenylketonuria if untreated
16
State how phenylketonuria is treated
17
Explain the relationship between vitamin D, calcium, osteomalacia and skin cancer
18
List symptoms associated with anorexia nervosa
19
Outline factors that indicate that dietary cholesterol may not be the exclusive cause of the correlation between blood plasma cholesterol levels and risk of coronary heart disease
20
Outline the effect of anorexia nervosa on heart muscle tissue
21
Calculate the energy content of a food sample using calorimetry data
22
Explain how a calorimeter can be used to determine the energy content in food
23
Describe when the secretion of digestive juices must be controlled
23
Based on cladistics, explain why some animals are poor models for the study of scurvy
24
State to mechanisms by which secretion of gastric juices is controlled
25
Define "alimentary canal"
26
Contrast endocrine glands with exocrine glands
Endocrine:
Exocrine:
27
Discuss the relationship between the structures of an exocrine gland cell and the function of the cell
27
Label a diagram of an exocrine gland with the following terms: secretory cells, lumen, duct, secretory vesicles, basement membrane and acinus
28
State the name and location of three exocrine glands associated with the alimentary canal
29
Using a flow chart or concept map, diagram the interactions between nervous and hormonal mechanisms that regulated the secretion of gastric juices
30
State the composition of saliva, gastric juice and pancreatic juice
Saliva:
Gastric juice:
Pancreatic juice:
31
Outline three roles of acid in the stomach
32
Outline the role of the following structures of villi epithelial cells: tight junctions, microvilli, mitochondria, pinocytic vesicles, proteins imbedded on the apical surface and proteins imbedded on the basal surface
33
List benefits of fibre in a healthy diet
34
State the relationship between food fibre contents and rate of transit through the large intestine
35
Define "dietary fibre"
36
State two examples of dietary fibre
37
List materials that are egested from the body
37
Define "egestion"
38
State the role stomach mucus
39
State the cause of ulcer and acid reflux
40
Outline the role of the H+, K+ -ATPase protein pump in the production of an acidic stomach
41
Outline the cause and consequences of cholera infection
41
Outline the use, function and effect of proton pump inhibitors to treat gastric disease
Use:
Function:
Effect:
42
Explain the effect of cholera toxin on intestinal cells
43
Define "stomach ulcer"
44
Outline evidence that suggest Helicobacter pylori infection has a role in stomach ulcer and stomach cancer
45
List three features that can be used to identify exocrine gland cells as viewed in electron micrographs
45
Describe how William Beaumont was able to determine the role of the stomach in chemical digestion of food
45
List four features that can be used to identify villus epithelium cell as viewed in electron micrographs
46
Explain the role of the liver in the detoxification of alcohol (including role of ethanol dehydrogenase)
47
Define "detoxification" as related to liver function
48
Outline the role of the liver in the detoxification of ammonia (and formation of urea)
49
State the length of a typical red blood cell life span
49
Explain how the structure of Kupffer cells fits their endosymbiosis function
50
Create a flowchart to illustrate the steps and products of the splitting of hemoglobin
51
Explain how and why iron is transported to the bone marrow bound to transferrin
52
List three anatomical structures that have transferrin receptors on their cell membranes
53
Outline the storage of iron in the liver and spleen (including the role of ferritin)
54
Explain the synthesis of VLDL cholesterol by hepatocytes for transport of triglycerides
55
Describe how the amount of saturated fat in a diet affects the amount of VLDL cholesterol synthesis by the liver
56
Outline the roles of hepatocytes in the conversion of excess cholesterol into a component of bile
57
Define and list examples of "plasma proteins"
58
Explain why hepatocytes have a lot of RER and Golgi
59
Outline the role of the liver in protein metabolism (and resulting nitrogenous waste formation)
60
Explain the storage and release of glucose (including the role of glycogen, insulin and glucagon)
61
Outline the function and source of bilirubin
62
List four example nutrients that can be stored by the liver
63
Explain the role of hepatocytes and glucuronic acid in the conversion of bilirubin
64
List components of bile
65
Outline the role of bile ducts and gall bladder in the transport and storage of bile
66
Describe when, where and why bile is secreted during digestion
67
Describe the use of UV light as a treatment for jaundice
68
Define and list causes and symptoms of jaundice
69
Draw and label a diagram of the liver, including the left and right lobes, hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery and the hepatic vein
70
Compare liver blood supplies in terms of blood source (arrives from…), blood destination (flows towards…), and relative oxygen concentration
71
Explain the structure of lipoproteins, including the types of molecules found in the hydrophobic core and hydrophilic surface
71
Draw a labeled diagram of a sinusoid, inclusive of: bile canal cells, bile duct, hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, arterioles and venules
72
Compare sinusoids to capillaries
Sinusoids:
Capillaries:
73
Outline the relationship between liver lobes, lobules and sinusoids
73
Compare and define LDL, HDL, IDL, VLDL and chylomicrons
74
Compare cardiac muscle tissue to skeletal muscle tissue
75
Contrast cardiac muscle tissue to skeletal muscle tissue
76
Describe how the Y-shape, intercalated discs and gap junctions of cardiac muscle cells allow for propagation of the stimulus to contract
77
Explain the events of the cardiac cycle, including atrial and ventricular systole and diastole and the movement of the signal to contract through the heart
78
Outline the role of the atrioventricular node in the cardiac cycle
79
Describe the motion of the signal to contract from the AV node through the ventricles
79
Outline the causes of the delayed initiation of contraction of ventricles
80
State the function of a delayed contraction of the ventricle
81
List features of Purkinje fibers that facilitate rapid conduction of the contraction signal through the ventricle
82
State that the contraction of the ventricle begins at the heart apex
83
State the cause of each of the two sounds of the heartbeat
83
State the cause and effect of ventricular fibrillation
84
State the purpose of an artificial pacemaker device
Regulates irregular heart rates
85
State the purpose of a defibrillator
85
Describe the relationship between atherosclerosis and thrombosis
86
Describe the relationship between atherosclerosis and hypertension
87
List consequences of hypertension
87
Outline factors that are correlated with a greater incidence of thrombosis and hypertension
88
List variables that can influence heart rate
89
Outline methods for detecting heart rate
90
Label the P, Q, R, S and T waves on an ECG trace
90
Describe how sound is used to measure blood pressure
91
State the cause of systolic and diastolic pressure
92
State the function of an electrocardiogram
93
State the cause of the P wave, the QRS wave and the T wave
94
State an application of the use of ECG technology
95
List epidemiological factors that can predispose ethnic groups to coronary heart disease
96
List variables that lead to the development of the stethoscope
97
State the function of the stethoscope
98
State the function of endocrine glands
99
State the function of hormones
100
Describe the mechanism of steroid hormone action
101
List locations at which a steroid hormone binds its receptor
101
List two example steroid hormones
102
List the two most common second messengers
102
Outline one example of a steroid hormone promoting transcription of specific genes
102
List two example protein hormones
103
State the location at which a protein hormone binds its receptor
The plasma membrane of the target cell
104
Define "second messenger system"
105
Describe the mechanism of epinephrine action
106
Draw a diagram to illustrate the relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary
107
Describe how releasing factors regulate anterior pituitary action
108
Describe how neurosecretory cells carry hormones to the posterior pituitary
109
Outline the role of the hypothalamus as a link between nervous and endocrine systems
110
Outline how negative feedback is involved in the secretion of ADH from the posterior pituitary
111
List the source, target and function of oxytocin and prolactin as related to milk secretion
OXYTOCIN
Source:
Target:
Function:
PROLACTIN
Source:
Target:
Function:
111
Outline consequences of iodine deficiency
112
List hormones secreted by the anterior and posterior pituitary
113
State that growth hormone is a peptide hormone
114
Evaluate the use of growth hormones by athletes
115
Outline the mechanism of action of growth hormone
116
State the goal of the ICCIDD
Work to eliminate the harm done by iodine deficiency
117
Define "partial pressure"
118
Define "affinity"
118
State the relative partial pressures of oxygen in the atmosphere at sea level, in the alveoli, in alveoli blood capillaries, and in respiring tissue
119
Describe the saturation of hemoglobin at different oxygen partial pressures
119
Draw the oxygen dissociation curve to show affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen at different partial pressures of oxygen
120
State the three ways carbon dioxide is carried in the blood
121
State which form of carbon dioxide transport accounts for the highest amount of carbon dioxide transported
122
Outline the reaction that transforms carbon dioxide into hydrogencarbonate ion, including the role of carbonic anhydrase
123
Explain the mechanism and benefit of the Bohr shift
124
Describe the relationship between carbon dioxide concentration and blood pH
124
Outline the location and role of chemoreceptors that help regulate the ventilation rate
125
List the neural structures that control the rate of ventilation
The respiratory control centre in the medulla oblongata
125
Outline the feedback loop that regulates the rate of ventilation, including the role of stretch receptors
126
State the effect of exercise on CO2 production
127
State the reason why it is adaptive for fetal hemoglobin to have a higher oxygen affinity than adult hemoglobin
127
Outline the relationship between CO2 production and blood pH
128
Explain how and why hyperventilation occurs in response to exercise
129
Compare the oxygen dissociation curves of adult and fetal hemoglobin
130
State the effect of altitude on the atmospheric partial pressure of oxygen
131
Outline human physiological responses to high altitude
132
State the range of normal human blood pH
133
Describe the relationship between carbon dioxide concentration and blood pH
134
Outline physiological responses that maintain blood pH
135
Outline the causes of emphysema
136
State the symptoms of emphysema
137
Outline reasons why gas exchange and ventilation are less effective in people with emphysema
138
List treatment options for people with emphysema
139
Contrast myoglobin and hemoglobin
Myoglobin:
Hemoglobin:
140
Compare the oxygen dissociation curves of hemoglobin and myoglobin
140
Label the following structures on a micrograph of lung tissue: type 1 pneumocyte, type 2 pneumocyte, capillary endothelium, basement membrane and blood cells
141
Describe how scientific evidence about the effects of smoking lead to a change in public perception of smoking
