Human Physiology Flashcards
Structure of the digestive system, The blood system, Defence against infectious diseases, Gas exchange, Neurons and synapses, Hormones, homeostasis and reproduction (196 cards)
1
Q
Outline the role of peristalsis in the digestive process
A
2
Q
List the name, substrate and product of four pancreatic enzymes that hydrolyze food in the small intestine
A
2
Q
List the name and substrate of the three major classes of enzymes secreted by the pancreas
A
3
Q
List the name, substrate and product of six enzymes produced by gland cells in the small intestine wall
A
4
Q
Describe why enzymes produced by gland cells in the small intestine wall often remain immobilized in the cell membrane
A
5
Q
List three adaptations that increase the surface area for absorption on the small intestine
A
6
Q
Draw the villi as viewed in cross section
A
7
Q
Label the following on a diagram of a villi: capillary, epithelial cell, lacteal, and goblet cell
A
8
Q
State the function of the following villi structures: capillary, epithelial cell, lacteal, and goblet cell
A
9
Q
Define “absorption”
A
10
Q
List materials absorbed by the villi cells of the small intestine
A
11
Q
List four methods of membrane transport required to absorb nutrients
A
12
Q
Describe the absorption of triglycerides
A
12
Q
Describe the absorption of glucose
A
13
Q
Describe the structure of starch
A
14
Q
Outline the source, function and specificity of amylase
A
15
Q
Outline the digestion of maltose, maltotriose and dextrins into glucose
A
16
Q
Describe absorption of glucose by villus epithelial cells
A
17
Q
State the role of the digestive system
A
17
Q
Explain the use of dialysis tubing as a model for the small intestine
A
17
Q
Describe transport of glucose into and through villi capillaries
A
18
Q
Draw a diagram of the human digestive system
A
19
Q
Outline the function of the following digestive system structures: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, and large intestine
A
Mouth:
Esophagus:
Stomach:
Small intestine:
Pancreas:
Liver:
Gall bladder:
Large intestine:
20
Q
Outline the function of the four layers of tissue found in the wall of the small intestine
A
21
Explain the use of models in physiology research
21
Label the four layers of tissue found in the wall of the small intestine as viewed with a microscope or in a micrograph
22
State two examples of model systems used to study digestion
23
State limitations of using model systems in physiology research
24
State the function of arteries
25
Outline the role of elastic and muscle tissue in arteries
25
Describe the structure and function of the three layers of artery wall tissue
25
Describe the structure and function of capillaries
25
Describe the mechanism used to maintain blood flow in arteries between heartbeats
26
State the reason for toughness of artery walls
26
Define systolic and diastolic blood pressure
27
Define "vasoconstriction" and "vasodilation"
Vasoconstriction:
Vasodilation:
28
State the function of veins
Veins collect blood at low pressure from the tissues of the body and return it to the right atria of the heart.
28
Describe the cause and effect of diffusion of blood plasma into and out of a capillary network
29
Draw a diagram to illustrate the double circulation system in mammals
30
Outline the roles of gravity and skeletal muscle pressure in maintaining flow of blood through a vein
31
Outline the structure and function of a pocket valve
32
Compare the circulation of blood in fish to that of mammals
32
Explain the flow of blood through the pulmonary and systemic circulations
33
Outline the role of cells in the sinoatrial node
34
Explain why the mammalian heart must function as a double pump
35
Define "myogenic contraction"
35
Describe the propagation of the electrical signal from the sinoatrial node through the atria and ventricles
36
State the reason why the sinoatrial node is often called the pacemaker
37
Outline the structures and functions of nervous tissue that can regulate heart rate
38
Describe factors that will increase heart rate
38
Describe factors that will decrease heart rate
39
Outline conditions that will lead to epinephrine secretion
40
Explain the effect of epinephrine on heart rate
40
Describe the cause and consequence of atherosclerosis
40
Outline William Harvey’s role in discovery of blood circulation
41
Outline the effect of a coronary occlusion on heart function
42
Explain the pressure changes in the left atrium, left ventricle and aorta during the cardiac cycle
43
Explain the relationship between atrial and ventricular pressure and the opening and closing of heart valves
43
Explain the atrial, ventricular and arterial pressure changes as illustrated on a graph of pressure changes during the cardiac cycle
44
Identify the time of opening and closing of heart valves on a graph o f pressure changes during the cardiac cycle
45
Compare the diameter, relative wall thickness, lumen diameter, number of wall layers, abundance of muscle and elastic fibres and presence of valves in arteries, capillaries and veins
46
Given a micrograph, identify a blood vessel as an artery, capillary or vein
47
Label a diagram of the heart with the following structure names: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary semilunar valve, aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, aortic semilunar valve, left atrioventricular valve, left ventricle, septum, right ventricle, left atrium, right atrium and right atrioventricular valve
48
Describe how Harvey was able to disprove Galen’s theory
49
Outline Galen’s description of blood flow in the body
50
Define "pathogen"
51
State that skin and mucous membranes form the first line of defense against pathogens
52
Outline the role of skin, sebaceous glands and mucous membranes in the defense against pathogens
53
Describe the blood clotting cascade, including the role of platelets, clotting factors, thrombin, fibrinogen and fibrin
53
State two benefits of blood clotting when skin is cut
54
Outline two roles of platelets in the blood clotting cascade.
55
State the white blood cells are the second line of defence against pathogens
56
Define "specific immune response"
56
Outline the function of phagocytic white blood cells in defense against pathogens
57
Contrast antigen and antibody
Antigen:
Antibody:
58
Describe the structure and function of antibodies
59
State the function of plasma cells and memory cells.
60
Explain why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses
61
Define "antibiotic"
62
Outline the mechanisms by which antibiotics kill bacteria
63
Explain why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses
64
List five measures that can be taken to avoid the development of antibiotic resistance
65
Explain why multiple drug antibiotic resistance is especially dangerous
66
Define "gas exchange" and "ventilation"
66
State an example of a multidrug resistant bacteria
67
State the function of the coronary arteries
67
Define "coronary thrombosis"
68
Describe the consequences of the HIV on the immune system
68
List sources of arterial damage that increase the risk of coronary thrombosis
69
List sources of arterial damage that increase the risk of coronary thrombosis
70
Outline the relationship between HIV and AIDS
71
List ways the HIV virus is spread
72
Explain methods and results of Florey and Chain’s experiments
73
Compare allowable research risks of the past with those of the present.
73
State the location of gas exchange in humans
Alveoli
73
Outline the mechanism of gas exchange in humans
73
Draw a diagram showing the structure of an alveolus and an adjacent capillary
73
Describe how the structure of the alveoli increases surface area for gas exchange
74
Outline the structure of type 1 pneumocytes
75
Outline the structure and function of type II pneumocytes
76
Describe two functions of the fluid secreted by type II pneumocytes
77
Outline the flow of air into the lungs
78
State the role of cartilage in the trachea and bronchi
79
State the role of smooth muscle fibres in the bronchioles
80
Outline the pressure and volume changes that occur during inspiration and expiration
80
State the relationship between gas pressure and volume
81
Explain the contraction and relaxation of muscles through the use of antagonistic muscle pairs
82
Outline the direction of movement of the diaphragm and rib-cage during inspiration and expiration
83
Outline the causes of lung cancer
83
Describe the antagonistic muscle contraction and relaxation required to move the rib-cage and diaphragm during inhalation and expiration
84
List symptoms of lung cancer.
85
Outline the causes of emphysema
86
State the symptoms of emphysema
87
Outline reasons why gas exchange and ventilation are less effective in people with emphysema
88
List treatment options for people with emphysema
88
Identify the manipulated and responding variables in a test of the effect of exercise on ventilation
89
Define epidemiology
90
Outline techniques for measuring ventilation rate or lung tidal volume
91
State the function of the nervous system
91
Outline how epidemiological studies contributed to understanding the association between smoking and lung cancer
91
Annotate a neuron drawing with the name and function of the following cell parts: dendrites, axon and cell bod
92
Outline the structure and function of myelin
92
State the role of Schwann cells in formation of myelin
92
Draw the structure of a neuron
93
Outline the mechanism and benefit of saltatory conduction
93
Compare the speed of nerve impulse conduction myelinated and non-myelinated neurons
94
Define "action potential", "depolarization" and "repolarization"
Action potential:
Depolarization:
Repolarization:
94
Define "resting potential"
95
Explain three mechanisms that together create the resting potential in a neuron
95
State the voltage of the resting potential
96
Outline the mechanism of neuron depolarization
97
Outline the mechanism of neuron repolarization
98
Define "nerve impulse"
99
Describe how nerve impulses are propagated along the neuron axon
100
Outline the cause and consequence of the refractory period after depolarization
101
Explain how the movement of sodium ions propagates an action potential along an axon
101
Define "synapse", "synaptic cleft" and "effector"
102
Explain movement of sodium ions in a local current
103
Describe that cause of and effect of membrane potential reaching the threshold potential
104
State the role of neurotransmitters
105
Outline the mechanism of synaptic transmission, including the role of depolarization, calcium ions, diffusion, exocytosis, neurotransmitters, receptors, sodium ions, sodium channels, threshold potential and action potential
106
Outline the role of positive feedback and sodium ions in the reaching of threshold potential
107
Explain why some synaptic transmissions will not lead to an action potential in a postsynaptic cell
108
Outline the secretion, action, reabsorption and formation of acetylcholine
Secretion:
Action:
Reabsorption:
109
Outline the mechanism of action of neonicotinoids use as insecticides
110
Define "cholinergic synapse"
111
Compare the proportion of cholinergic synapses in insects and humans
Insects:
Humans:
112
State why neonicotinoids insecticides are not highly toxic to humans
113
Outline the use of oscilloscopes in measuring membrane potential
114
Annotate an oscilloscope trace to show the resting potential, action potential (depolarization and repolarization), threshold potential and refractory period
115
Describe the effects of cooperative and collaboration between groups of scientists
116
State an example of how people from multiple scientific disciplines are collaborating to understand learning and/or memory
117
Compare the growth and fixed mindsets effect on learning
118
Explain the basic biology of learning
119
Draw and explain the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
120
Outline the impact of repetition and review on learning
121
State the impact of multitasking on memory consolidation
122
Explain the control of blood glucose concentration, including the roles of glucagon, insulin and the alpha and beta cells in the pancreatic islets
123
Describe the structure and function of thyroxin
124
Outline thyroxin’s role in body temperature regulation
125
List symptoms of thyroxin deficiency
126
State that leptin is a protein hormone
127
Outline the mechanism of action of leptin
128
Describe the role and discovery of the ob allele in obese mice
129
Define "circadian rhythm"
129
Describe the secretion and action of melatonin
130
Outline the mechanism that regulates melatonin secretion in response to the day-night cycle
131
Describe the mechanism by which the SRY gene regulates embryonic gonad development.
132
Outline role of testosterone in prenatal development of male genitalia
133
State testosterone's role in stimulating the primary sexual characteristic of males
134
List secondary sexual characteristics triggered by testosterone at puberty
135
State the sources of estrogen and progesterone used in embryonic development
136
Describe prenatal development of female reproductive organs
137
List secondary sexual characteristics triggered by estrogen and progesterone at puberty
137
Outline events occurring during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle
138
State the source and location of action of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinising hormone), estrogen and progesterone
139
Outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinising hormone), estrogen and progesterone
140
Describe the negative feedback loops that regulates secretion of FSH
141
Describe the positive feedback loop that regulates secretion of estrogen
142
Annotate a graph showing hormone levels in the menstrual cycle, illustrating the relationship between changes in hormone levels and follicular development, ovulation, changes to the corpus luteum, menstruation and the thickening of the endometrium
143
Distinguish between causes of type I and type II diabetes
144
Distinguish between treatment of type I and type II diabetes
145
Explain the double blind study that tested the effect of leptin treatment on human obesity
146
Outline role of leptin resistance in human obesity
147
State symptoms of jet lag
148
Outline the biological cause of jet lag
149
Describe use of melatonin in treatment for jet lag.
149
Define "in vitro fertilization"
150
Outline the process of in vitro fertilisation including down-regulation, superovulation, harvesting, fertilization and implantation
151
Outline Harvey's methods of studying reproduction
152
State Harvey's discovery about reproduction
152
Label a diagram of the male reproductive system, including the bladder, sperm duct, penis (with foreskin and erectile tissue), urethra, testis, scrotum, epididymis, prostate gland and seminal vesicle
153
Outline the function of the following male reproductive structures: testis, scrotum, epididymis, sperm duct, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, urethra and penis
154
Label a diagram of the female reproductive system, including the ovary, uterus, bladder, urethra, vulva, vagina, cervix and oviduct
155
Outline the function of the following female reproductive structures: ovary, oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina, and vulva
156
Describe what Harvey was and was not able to observe in his reproduction research given the tools available at the time
