Molecular Biology Flashcards
Molecules to metabolism, Water, Carbohydrates and lipids, Proteins, Enzymes, Structure of DNA and RNA, DNA replication, transcrption and translation, Cell respiration, Photosynthesis (217 cards)
1
Q
Define “molecular biology”
A
2
Q
Compare the benefits of a reductionist vs. systems approach to studying biology
A
3
Q
Recognize common functional groups
A
4
Q
A
4
Q
Draw skeletal molecular structures from full structure diagrams
A
5
Q
Outline the number and type of bond carbon can form with other atoms
A
6
Q
List the four major classes of carbon compounds used by living organisms
A
7
Q
Define “metabolism” and “catalysis”
A
8
Q
State the role of enzymes in metabolism
A
9
Q
Define “anabolism”, “monomer”, and “polymer”
A
10
Q
Describe condensation reactions
A
11
Q
Using simple shapes to represent monomers, diagram a condensation reaction
A
12
Q
Define “catabolism”
A
13
Q
Contrast anabolism and catabolism
A
14
Q
Describe hydrolysis reactions
A
15
Q
Using simple shapes to represent monomers, diagram a hydrolysis reaction
A
16
Q
Draw the molecules structure of urea
A
17
Q
Describe how urea can be synthesized by living and artificial mechanisms
A
18
Q
Draw the molecular diagram of ribose
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19
Q
Draw the molecular diagram of alpha-glucose
A
20
Q
Draw the molecular diagram of a saturated fatty acid
A
21
Q
Identify the carboxyl and methyl groups on a fatty acid
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22
Q
Draw the generalized structure of an amino acid
A
23
Q
Label the amine group, carboxyl group, alpha carbon, and R group on an amino acid
A
24
Identify the four major classes of carbon compounds used by living organisms from four given diagrams (examples will include D-ribose, alpha glucose, beta glucose, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids)
25
State the generalized chemical formula for carbohydrates
26
Identify the following carbohydrates from molecules drawings: D-ribose, alpha glucose, beta glucose, cellulose, glycogen, amylose starch, and amylopeptin starch
27
Compare the relative amount of oxygen atoms in lipids to the amount in carbohydrates
28
Identify the following lipids from molecular drawings: triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
29
Define "vitalism"
30
Explain the role of urea in the falsification of vitalism
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31
Describe the structure of an atom (in terms of protons, neutrons and electrons)
32
Contrast ion with atom
33
Define "anion" and "cation"
34
Contrast covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds
35
Write the molecular formula for water and draw the atomic structure of the molecule
36
Describe the cause effect of the polar nature of water
37
Describe where and how water is able to form hydrogen bonds
38
Contrast adhesion with cohesion
39
Outline an example of the cohesive property of water being of benefit to life
40
Outline an example of the adhesive property of water being of benefit to life
41
Explain three thermal properties of water that are useful to living organisms
42
Outline a benefit to life of water's high specific heat capacity
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Outline a benefit to water's high latent heat of vaporization
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Outline a benefit to life of water's high boiling point
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Explain why water is such a good solvent
46
List the types of molecules that water will dissolve
47
State that polar and ionic molecules are hydrophilic
48
State that non-polar, non-ionic molecules are hydrophobic
49
Given a diagram of a molecular structure, determine if the molecule is hydrophilic or hydrophobic
50
Compare the physical properties of methane and water
51
Explain why water and methane have different thermal properties based on their molecular structures
52
Explain sweating as a mechanism to cool the body
53
State if the following molecules are hydrophobic or hydrophilic: glucose, amino acids, cholesterol, fats, oxygen, and sodium chloride
Hydrophobic:
Hydrophilic:
54
Outline the mechanism of transport in the blood in the following molecules: glucose, amino acids, cholesterol, fats, oxygen, and sodium chloride
55
State why scientists cannot prove without a doubt that hydrogen bonds exist between water molecules.
56
Define "monosaccharide", "disaccharide" and "polysaccharide"
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List three examples of monosaccharides
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List three examples of disaccharides
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List three examples of polysaccharides
60
Use molecular diagrams to draw the formation of maltose from two glucose monomers
61
Explain a condensation reaction connecting two monosaccharides in the formation of a disaccharide
62
Describe the differences between saturated and unsaturated (mono- or poly-) fatty acids
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Describe the differences between cis- and trans- fatty acids
64
Outline the difference between fats and oils
65
State two functions of triglycerides
65
Explain a condensation reaction connecting fatty acids and glycerol to form a triglyceride
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Explain the energy storage of lipids compared to that of carbohydrates
66
State the structural difference between alpha and beta glucose
67
Contrast the structure and functions of cellulose, amylose, amylopectin and glycogen
68
Discuss the relationship between saturated fatty acid and trans-unsaturated fat intake and rates of coronary heart disease
69
Define evaluation in respect to evidence from and methods of research
70
Outline the manner in which the implications of research can be assessed
70
Outline the manner in which the limitations of research can be assessed
71
Evaluate a given health claim made about lipids
72
Demonstrate use of JMol to view molecular structures, including changing image size, rotating the image and changing the style of the molecular model
73
Identify carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms by color
74
Determine BMI using a nomogram
75
Outline effects of a BMI that is too high or too low.
75
Calculate BMI using the formula
76
Describe how the effect of lipids on health can be assessed scientifically
77
Describe polypeptide chain formation in terms of the formation of peptide bonds and condensation reactions
78
Determine the number of peptide bonds given the number of amino acids in a polypeptide
79
Define dipeptide, oligopeptides and polypeptide
80
State the number of amino acids used by living organisms to make polypeptides
81
Given an image of an amino acid, classify the amino acid chemical properties based on R group properties
82
Outline the role vitamin C plays in the conversion of proline to hydroxyproline
83
Calculate the possible number of amino acid sequences given n number of amino acids
84
Outline the relationship between genes and polypeptides
85
Outline the structure and function of three example proteins composed of two or more polypeptides linked together
86
Contrast the structure of globular proteins with the structure of fibrous proteins
87
Describe the structure of membrane bound globular proteins
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Contrast the generalized function of globular proteins with generalized function of fibrous proteins
89
List ten functions of proteins in a cell or organism
90
Describe the function of enzyme proteins
91
Describe the function of hormone proteins.
92
Describe the function of immunoglobulin proteins
93
Describe the function of pigment proteins
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Describe the function of structural proteins
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Define proteome
96
Contrast proteome with genome
97
State the function of each of the following proteins: rubisco, insulin, immunoglobulin, rhodopsin, collagen, spider silk, actin, myosin, casein, hemoglobin, acetylcholine receptor, oxytocin, prolactin, ferritin, billirubin, fibrinogen, transferrin and albumin
Rubisco:
Insulin:
Immunoglobin:
Rhodopsin:
Collagen:
Spider silk:
Actin:
Myosin:
Casein:
Hemoglobin:
Acetylcholine receptor:
Oxytocin:
Prolactin:
Ferritin:
Bilirubin:
Fibrinogen:
Transferrin:
Albumin:
98
Define "denaturation"
99
Outline the effect of heat and pH on protein structure
100
Draw peptide bond formation in a condensation reactions
101
Explain the trend of organisms assembly of polypeptides from the same amino acids
102
Describe a discrepancy of the trend of all organisms using the same amino acids to assemble polypeptides
103
State the relationship between enzyme substrate and enzyme active site
104
Explain the relationship between enzyme structure and enzyme specificity, including the role of the active site
105
Explain the role of random collisions in the binding of the substrate with the enzyme active site
106
Outline the three stages of enzyme activity
107
Describe the induced fit model of enzyme action
107
Explain how temperature affects the rate of enzyme activity
108
Draw a graph of depicting the effect of temperature on the rate of enzyme activity
109
Explain how pH affects the rate of enzyme activity
110
Draw a graph of depicting the effect of pH on the rate of enzyme activity
111
Identify the optimum temperature or pH for enzyme activity on a graph
112
Explain how substrate concentration affects the rate of enzyme activity
112
Draw a graph of depicting the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of enzyme activity
112
State the effect of denaturation on enzyme structure and function
113
List industries that use commercially useful enzymes
114
Explain how and why industrial enzymes are often immobilized
115
State the source of the lactase enzyme used in food processing
116
State the reaction catalyzed by lactase
117
Outline four reasons for using lactase in food processing
118
Identify and manipulated, responding and controlled variables in descriptions of experiments testing the activity of enzymes
119
Describe three techniques for measuring the activity of an example enzyme
120
State the two types of nucleic acid
DNA and RNA
121
Outline the parts of a nucleotide
122
Identify and label carbons by number (for example, C1, C2, C3) on a nucleotide drawing
123
Explain how nucleotides can connect to form a nucleic acid polymer
124
State the names of the nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA.
Adenine, Thymine (DNA) / Uracil (RNA), Guanine, Cytosine,
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Identify nitrogenous bases as either a pyrimidine or purine
126
State the complementary base pairing rules
Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine - Guanine
127
Compare the structure of DNA and RNA
128
Define antiparallel in relation to DNA structure
129
Outline the formation of a DNA double helix by hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases
130
Identify the four bases of DNA based on the numbers of rings (purines or pyrimidines) and the number of hydrogen bonds it can form.
131
State the number of nitrogenous bases per complete turn of the DNA double helix
132
Outline the role of Chargaff, Watson, Crick, Franklin and Wilkins in the discovery of DNA structure
133
Explain how Watson and Crick used model building to determine the structure of DNA
134
Draw the basic structure of a single nucleotide (using circle, pentagon and rectangle)
135
Draw a simple diagram of the structure of RNA
136
Draw a simple diagram of the structure of DNA
137
Identify and label the 5’ and 3’ ends on a DNA or RNA diagram
138
List types of models used in science
139
State a common feature of models in science
140
List ways in which models are different from the structure or process it represents
141
Describe the meaning of “semi-conservative” in relation to DNA replication
142
Explain the role of complementary base pairing in DNA replication
143
State why DNA strands must be separated prior to replication
144
Outline two functions of helicase
145
State the role of the origin of replication in DNA replication
145
Describe the movement of DNA polymerase along the DNA template strand
146
Contrast the number of origins in prokaryotic cells to the number in eukaryotic cells
147
Describe the action of DNA polymerase III in pairing nucleotides during DNA replication
148
Define "transcription"
149
Outline the process of transcription, including the role of RNA polymerase and complementary base pairing
150
Identify the sense and antisense strands of DNA given a diagram of translation
151
Define "translation"
152
State the location of translation in the cell
153
Outline the role of messenger RNA in translation
154
Define "codon", "redundant", and "degenerate" as related to the genetic code
155
Explain how using a 4 letters nucleic acid “language” can code for a “language” of 20 amino acid letters in proteins
156
Outline the role of complementary base pairing between mRNA and tRNA in translation
157
Outline the process of the PCR
158
Explain the use of Taq DNA polymerase in the PCR
158
Outline the source and use of pharmaceutical insulin prior to the use of gene transfer technology
159
Outline the benefits of using gene transfer technology in the production of pharmaceutical insulin
160
Use a genetic code table to deduce the mRNA codon(s) given the name of an amino acid
161
Compare dispersive, conservative and semi-conservative replication
162
Predict experimental results in the Meselson and Stahl experiment if DNA replication was dispersive, conservative or semi-conservative
163
Use a genetic code table to determine the amino acid sequence coded for by a given antisense DNA sequence or an mRNA sequence.
164
Deduce the antisense DNA base sequence that was transcribed to produce a given mRNA sequence
165
Describe the procedure of the Meselson and Stahl experiment
166
Explain how the Meselson and Stahl experiment demonstrated semi-conservative DNA replication
167
State the types of organic compounds used in cellular respiration by animals and plants
167
Define "cell respiration"
167
Outline energy transfer in the formation and use of ATP
168
State the reaction for cellular respiration
169
State three example uses of cellular energy
170
Define "anaerobic respiration"
170
State three reasons why cellular respiration must be continuously performed by all cells
170
List three situations in which anaerobic respiration is useful.
171
Compare anaerobic respiration in yeasts and humans
171
State the location of aerobic respiration.
172
Compare the total amount of ATP made from anaerobic and aerobic respiration
173
Outline how anaerobic respiration in yeast is used in baking
174
Outline how anaerobic respiration in yeast is used in ethanol production
175
State the condition in which humans would perform anaerobic respiration
176
Outline production of lactate in humans during anaerobic respiration
177
Outline the use of a respirometer to measure cellular respiration rate
178
State the chemical equation for photosynthesis
178
List ethical questions that must be considered before using animals in experiments
179
Define "photosynthesis"
180
State the relationship between wavelength and energy
181
State that the oxygen produced in photolysis is a waste product of photosynthesis
181
Define "visible light"
182
State the range of wavelengths that fall within the visible spectrum
183
Define "pigment"
184
State the primary and accessory pigments found in chloroplasts
185
Explain why plants are green.
186
Define "photolysis"
187
State the equation for photolysis
188
State the energy conversion that occurs during photosynthesis
189
Define "limiting factor"
190
Explain how the following factors limit the rate of photosynthesis: temperature, light intensity, and CO2 concentration
191
State that (some) prokaryotes, algae and plants carry out photosynthesis
192
Define and state evidence for the "Great Oxidation Event"
193
Describe the shape of the curve for an absorption spectrum
193
Distinguish between an action spectrum and an absorption spectrum
194
List mechanism for measuring the rate of photosynthesis
195
Describe the shape of the curve for an action spectrum
196
Outline the process of separating pigments using chromatography
197
Calculate the Rf value for pigments using pigment chromatography
198
Define independent variable, controlled variable and responding variable
