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Bio 121 > Animals > Flashcards

Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Tight junctions

A

Prevent fluid from moving across a layer of cells

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2
Q

Desmosomes

A

Connected to cytoskeleton

Space between: spot rivets

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3
Q

Gap junctions

A

Ions pass between cells

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4
Q

Development

A

Single cell -> blastula -> gastrula

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5
Q

Blastula

A

Hollow ball of cells

Stage of embryonic development

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6
Q

Blastocoel

A

Cavity of blastula

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7
Q

Gastrulation

A

Cells move from outside of blastula to inside

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8
Q

Archenteron

A

Gut

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9
Q

Protostome

A

“1st the mouth”
8 cell stage: top tier of cells sits in the furrow of the bottom tier (spiral and determinate)
Mesoderm splits to form coelom
Mouth develops from blastophore

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10
Q

Blastophore

A

Opening of gastrula

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11
Q

Deuterostome

A 
"2nd the mouth"
8 cell stage: cells stack on top of each other
Each cell is capable of forming a larva
Folds of archenteron form coelom
Anus develops from blastophore
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12
Q

Radial symmetry

A

Distinct top and bottom sides

No distinct left and right sides

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13
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Distinct top, bottom, right, and left sides

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14
Q

Coelom

A

Body cavity

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15
Q

Diploblast

A

Only ectoderm and endoderm

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16
Q

Ectoderm and endoderm

A

Outside cell layer and inside cell layer of embryo, respectively

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17
Q

Triploblast

A

Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

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18
Q

Coelomate

A

Mesoderm tissue layers line ectoderm and coelom (suspend internal organs)

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19
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A

Mesoderm lines ectoderm, but not coelom

Fluid lines coelom

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20
Q

Acoelomate

A

Mesoderm tissue fills space between digestive tract and ectoderm

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21
Q

Porifera

A 
Sponges
No true tissues
Hermaphrodites
Sessile (stuck to site)
Flagellated swimming larvae
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22
Q

Sponge body plan

A

Pores
Spongocoel (central cavity)
Choanocytes (flagellated and collared cells that engulf food)
Ameobocytes (eat food, carry nutrients, manufacture skeletal fibers)
Osculum (large opening)

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23
Q

Cnidaria

A

Jellies, corals, hydras
Radial symmetry
Central gastrovascular cavity
Diploblastic
2 forms: polyp (hydra) or medusae (jelly)
Asexual (budding) and sexual reproduction

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24
Q

Cnidocytes

A

Structures on cnidaria tentacles that release sticky chemicals that bind and/or stun prey
Nematocysts: more complex cnidocytes

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25
Q

Hydrozoa

A

Cnidarians

Hydra

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26
Q

Scyphozoa

A

Cnidarians
Jellyfishes
No polyps

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27
Q

Cubozoa

A 
Cnidarians
Box-shaped
Lens and cornea, but no brain
Simple light-sensing cells
Sea wasp
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28
Q

Anthozoa

A

Cnidarians
Coral and anemone
No medusae
Contain symbiotic bacteria

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29
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A

Bilateral symmetry
Triploblastic
Most are coelomates

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30
Q

Lophophore

A

Crown of feeding tentacles

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31
Q

Trocophore

A

Ciliated larval stage

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32
Q

Platyhelminthes

A 
Lophotrochozoans
Flatworms
Acoelomate
Gas exchange and waste: diffusion
Gastrovascular cavity: one opening and branching
Parasitic: require 2 hosts (Flukes)
Regenerative abilities
Eyespots (planaria)
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33
Q

Turbellaria

A

Platyhelminthes

Typical flatworms

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34
Q

Monogenea

A

Platyhelminthes

No complex 2-host life cycles

35
Q

Trematoda

A

Platyhelminthes
Flukes
Complex 2-host life cycles

36
Q

Cestoda

A

Platyhelminthes
Tapeworms
Scolex: mouth
Proglottids: sacs of sex organs

37
Q

Rotifers

A

Lophotrocozoans
Pseudocoelomate
Alimentary canal
Suspension feeders
Parthenogenesis: females lay eggs that develop into grown females (no sperm required)
Rotifer (“wheel bearer”): crown of cilia that draws in food

38
Q

Ectoprocta

A 
Lophotrocozoans
Coelomates
U-shaped alimentary canals
Lophophores: suspension feeders
Bryozoans: colonial reef builders
39
Q

Brachiopods

A 
Lophotrocozoans
Coelomates
U-shaped alimentary canals
Lophophores: suspension feeders
Lamp shells
40
Q

Mollusca

A 
Lophotrocozoans
Coelomates
Foot: muscular, movement
Visceral mass: contains internal organs
Mantle: tissue that secretes shell
Radula: "tongue" with teeth for scraping 
Trochopores
Reproduction: mostly separate sexes, some hermaphrodites
41
Q

Polyplacophora

A 
Mollusks
"Many plates"
Herbivores
Radula: scrape algae
Strong muscular foot: difficult to dislodge
42
Q

Gastropoda

A 
Mollusks
"Stomach foot"
No shell: slugs
Simple shell: limpet
Coiled shell: snails
43
Q

Bivalvia

A 
Mollusks
Clams, mussels, scallops, and oysters
Suspension feeders
2-part hinged shell 
No head or radula
44
Q

Cephalopoda

A 
Mollusks
"Head foot"
Squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus
Carnivores: tentacles and beak-like jaw
Shell reduced or missing
Well developed sense organs and brain
Closed circulatory system
45
Q

Annelida

A 
Lophotrocozoans
Worms and leeches
Coelomates
Segmented
Closed circulatory systems
No heart
Alimentary canal
46
Q

Oligochaeta

A 
Annelids
"Few hairs"
Earthworms and leeches
Worms: chaetae (chitin bristles)
Leeches: no chaetae, predators or parasites, hirudin (chemical secreted to prevent blood from coagulating)
47
Q

Polychaeta

A 
Annelids
"Many bristles"
Parapodia: ridges/paddles used for moving
Chaetae
Free living or tube dwellers
48
Q

Ecdysozoa

A

Bilateral
Protostomes
Exoskeletons

49
Q

Ecdysis

A

Molting

50
Q

Nematoda

A 
Ecdysozoans
Round worms
Pseudocoelomates
Alimentary canal
Free-living or parasite
Usually separate sexes
C. elegans: model organism for genetics, hermaphrodite
Trichinella spiralis: causes trichinosis, hatch in intestine and burrow into other tissues
51
Q

Arthropoda

A

Ecdysozoans
Coelomates
Segmented
Jointed appendages
Open circulatory system w/ hemolymph
Gas exchange: gills, trachael system, or book lungs
Exoskeleton made of chitin (provide protection, support muscles, prevent desiccation)

52
Q

Cheliceriformes

A 
Arthropods
Horseshoe crabs, arachnids
Chelicerae: claw-like feeding appendages
Pedipalps: sensory organs located near anterior end (pincers in scorpions)
Cephalothorax and abdomen
6 pairs of appendages (4 pairs of legs, 1 pair chelicerae, 1 pair pedipalps)
Single-lens eyes
Spiders: booklungs
53
Q

Myriapoda

A 
Arthropods
Millipedes and centipedes
Antannae
Mandibles: jaw-like mouthparts
Many legs: millipedes 2/segment, centipedes 1/segment
Millipedes: herbivores
Centipedes: carnivores
54
Q

Hexapoda

A 
Arthropods
Insects
3 body regions: head, thorax, abdomen
Wings
3 pairs of legs, antennae, specialized mouthparts
Compound eyes
55
Q

Incomplete metamorphosis

A

Eggs -> nymphs -> adults

56
Q

Complete metamorphosis

A

Eggs -> larva -> pupa -> adult

57
Q

Crustacea

A

Arthropods
Shrimp, lobster, crab, crayfish, barnacles
Body in 2-3 parts
2 pairs of antennae, 3 or more legs, 3 or more appendages for chewing
Compound eyes
Gills
Exoskeleton hardened w/ calcium carbonate

58
Q

Echinodermata

A

“Spiny skin”
Starfish and sea urchins
Endoskeleton of calcified plates
Water vascular system: moving, feeding, gas exchange
Larvae: bilateral symmetry
Adult: imperfect radial symmetry
Reproduction: males and females release gametes into water

59
Q

Echinodermata body plan

A

Ring canal, 5 radial canals
Tube feet: ampulla, sucker podium
Madreporite (mother pore)
“Nervous system:” nerve ring and nerve cords

60
Q

Asteroides

A

Echinodermates

Sea stars

61
Q

Ophiuroidea

A

Echinodermates

Brittle stars

62
Q

Echinoidea

A

Echinodermates
Urchins and sand dollars
Sea urchins: experimental model for developmental biology, edible gonads

63
Q

Crinoidea

A

Echinodermates

Feather stars

64
Q

Holothuroidea

A

Echinodermates

Sea cucumbers

65
Q

Chordates

A

Notochord: part of mesoderm that directs building of nerve tube under ectoderm
Pharyngeal slits: invertebrates- filter feeding, fish-gills, tetrapods- ear, head, neck
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Post-anal tail

66
Q

Cephalochordata

A

Lancelets or amphioxus
Larval and adult stages have chordate characteristics
Somite: forms muscles in amphioxus, forms vertebrae, ribs, back muscles, and more in vertebrates

67
Q

Urochordata

A

Tunicates/Sea Squirts
Larval stage has chordate characteristics
Adult sessile

68
Q

Craniate Characteristics

A

Head with sense organs and brain enclosed in skull
Neural crest cells
Higher metabolic rate
2 chambered heart
Hemoglobin in red blood cells
Kidneys
Pharyngeal slits become respiratory gills

69
Q

Neural crest cells

A

Give rise to teeth, bones and cartilage of skull, dermis of face, certain types of neurons
Involved in development of eyes and other sense organs

70
Q

Myxini

A 
Craniates
Hagfishes
Cartilaginous skull
No jaws or vertebrae
Slime glands
71
Q

Vertebrate characteristics

A 
More extensive skull
Backbone/vertebrae and internal skeleton
Paired muscle masses
Central nervous system
Heart w/ 2 or more chambers
72
Q

Petromyzontida

A 
Vertebrates
Lampreys (jawless fishes)
Skeleton made of cartilage
No jaws
Larval stage looks like a lancelet (cephalochordate)
Adults retain notochord
73
Q

Gnathostomes

A

Vertebrates
Jaws-hinged mouth gripping
Evolution from pharyngeal slits
Addition duplications of Hox genes

74
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Gnathostomes
Sharks, rays and ratfishes
Cartilaginous skeleton
Cloaca: single opening for intestinal, reproductive, and urinary tracts

75
Q

Osteichthyes

A 
Gnathostomes
Ray fin fishes and lobe fin fishes
Bony skeleton
Rod shaped bones in pectoral and pelvic fins
Some have lungs
76
Q

Tetrapods

A

4 feet and limbs
Head separated from body by neck
Pharyngeal slits turn into ears

77
Q

Urodela

A

Amphibians

Salamanders

78
Q

Anura

A

Amphibians
Frogs
Metamorphosis

79
Q

Apoda

A

Caecilians (legless amphibians)

Gas exchange via lungs and skin

80
Q

Amniotes

A 
Amniotic egg
Amnion: membrane that covers embryo
Chorion: gas exchange
Allantois: waste disposal
Yolk sac: nutrients for embryo
81
Q

Reptilia

A 
Leathery shelled eggs
Ectothermic
Tuatara
Squamates (scaled reptiles)
Turtles
Crocodilians
Birds
82
Q

Aves

A 
Reptiles
Birds
Large brain to body size
Loss or fusion of bones
Highly pneumatic skeleton
No teeth in jaw
4 chambered heart
Air sacs for efficient respiration
Endothermic
Feathers
83
Q

Mammalia

A 
Hair 
Mammary glands
Endothermic
4 chambered heart
Diaphragm

Bio 121 (25 decks)

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