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APHY 165 > AnP Chapter 23 (LO4) > Flashcards

AnP Chapter 23 (LO4) Flashcards

1
Q

Primary sex organs

A

house sex cells
Gonads
Testes in males
Ovaries in females

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2
Q

Gametes:

A

sex cells
Sperm in males
Eggs in females

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3
Q

Secondary sex organs

A

Encompass all other organs necessary for reproduction

Males: ducts, glands and penis

Females: secondary sex organs are concerned with providing a location for the egg and sperm

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4
Q

Testes

A

Inside the scrotum

The organs that generate sperm and secrete testosterone

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5
Q

Spermatic cord

A

a strand of connective tissue and muscle that contains the sperm duct, blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves

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6
Q

The cremaster muscle

A

surrounds the spermatic cord and testes and contracts in cold weather

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7
Q

Median septum

A

divides the scrotum isolating each testicle

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8
Q

Spermatic ducts how they work

A
  1. A network of vessels called the rete testis leads away from the seminiferous tubules; they provide a place for sperm to partially mature
  2. Efferent ducles conduct immature sperm from the testes to the epididymis
  3. Sperm pass into the epididymis which is attached to the posterior side of the testis
    - –Sperm move from the head of the epididymis to the tail maturing as they go then are stored in the tail where they remain fertile for 40 to 60 days
  4. Sperm leave the tale of the epididymis and pass to the vas deferens
  5. The vast deferens travels up the spermatic cord through the inguinal canal and into the pelvic cavity then loops over the ureter and descends along the posterior bladder wall
  6. As the vas deferens turns downward it widens into an ambulance and ends by joining the seminal vesicles to form ejaculatory duct which pass through the prostate and empty into the urethra
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9
Q

Tubules

A

Continuously generates sperm

Several layers of cells line the walls of the tubules each layer containing germ cells in the process of becoming sperm

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10
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

tiny tubes in which sperm are produced

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11
Q

Germ cells

A

is a cell that gives rise to gametes

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12
Q

Sertoli cells

A

promote the development of sperm by supplying nutrients, removing waste and secreting the hormone inhibin which plays a role in the maturation and release of sperm

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13
Q

Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)

A

lie between the seminiferous tubules and produce testosterone

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14
Q

Accessory glands of male

A

Three sets of accessory glands the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral glands

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15
Q

Seminal vesicle

A

located at the base of the bladder a para glands which secretes a thick yellowish fluid into the ejaculatory duct

The fluid contains fructose as well as other substances that nourish and ensure sperm mobility

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16
Q

Prostate gland

A

sits just below the bladder where it in circles both the urethra and ejaculatory duct it secretes a thin, milky alkaline fluid into the urethra enhance a sperm mobility

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17
Q

Bulbourethral glands (cowper’s glands)

A

(2 pea shaped) secrets clear fluid into the penile portion of the urethra during sexual arousal it is a lubricant and neutralizes the acidity of residual urine in the urethra which would harm the sperm

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18
Q

Glans penis

A

the slightly bulging head

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19
Q

Prepuce

A

the loose skin covering the penis forming a cuff

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20
Q

Smegma

A

a waxy substance secreted by sebaceous glands in the prepuce in foreskin

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21
Q

Interior of the penis

A

Three cylinders of erectile tissue fill the shaft of the penis

Corpus cavernosa; the two larger cylinders of tissue

Corpus spongiosum: smaller cylinder of tissue that encircles the urethra

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22
Q

Spermatogenesis steps

A
  1. Sperm begin as spermatogonia: primitive sex cells with 46 chromosomes located in the walls of the semineferous tubules
  2. Spermatognia divide by mitosis to produce two daughter cells each with 46 chromosomes
  3. These cells differenciate into slighlty larger cells called primary spermaocytes which move toward the lumen of the smeiniferous tubule
  4. Through meiosis the primary spermocyte yields 2 genetically unique secondary spermatocytes each with 23 chromosomes
  5. Each secondary spermatocyte divides again to form two spermatids
  6. Spermatids differentiate to form heads and tails and eventually transform into mature spermatozoa each with 23 chromosomes
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23
Q

Spermatoza

A

Mature sperm consist of the head, a middle piece and a long whip like tail

The head contains nucleus which is packed with genetic material
—Acrozome: tops head of sperm it contains enzymes that help spem penetrate the egg during fertalization

The middle piece: contains numerous mitochondria that supply the sperm with the energy it needs to migrate up the female reproductive tract

The tail: a flagellum that whip like movements propel it

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24
Q

Semen 2 key qualities

A

Two key qualities include the stickiness and its alkalinity

The alkalinity of the semen counteracts the acidity of the vagina this is important because sperm become immobile in an acidic environment

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25
Q

Male sexual response

A

Excitement
Platue
Orgasm
Resolution

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26
Q

Primary reproductive organs of

The accessory organs of female

A

Primary reproductive organs are the ovaries which are the female gametes

The accessory organs include the flow be in tubes, uterus and vagina

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27
Q

Ovaries

A

Every ovary contains thousands of ovarian follicles that consist of immature or eggs or oocyte, surrounded by follicular cells

The follicles evolve during the fetal. And undergo my ptotic division in the first phase of meiosis and as they develop they migrate toward the surface of the ovary

Graafian follicle: fluid filled blister

28
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

about 4 inches long and extend from the ovary to the uterus

29
Q

isthmus

A

the portion of the fallopian tubes closest to the uterus

30
Q

ampulla

A

middle portion of the tube usual side of egg fertilization Cilia line the inside

31
Q

infundibulum

A

the distal funnel shaped end of the fallopian tube

32
Q

fimbriae

A

finger like projections fan over the ovary because the floating tube does not attach directly to the overhang

33
Q

uterus

A

Muscular chamber that houses in New Jersey growing embryo it sits between the urinary bladder in the rectum held in place by ligament

34
Q

Fundus

A

the curved upper portion of the uterus

35
Q

The central region of the uterus is the

A

body

36
Q

Cervix

A

the inferior end of the uterus

37
Q

Cervical canal

A

the passageway through the cervix links the uterus to the vagina

38
Q

Vagina

A

Muscular tube about 3 inches services receptacle for the penis and sperm, a route for the discharge of menstrual blood and the passageway for the birth of a baby

39
Q

Vaginal rugae

A

ridges in the lower end that help stimulate the penis during intercourse and allows for expansion during childbirth

40
Q

The wall of the uterus has two key roles:

A

housing in nursing a growing foetus and expelling the foetus from the body during delivery

41
Q

Perimetrium

A

the outer layer of uterus and is a serous membrane

42
Q

Myometrium

A

the middle layer of uterus consists of smooth muscle that contracts during labour to expel the foetus from the uterus

43
Q

Endometrium

A

innermost layer of uterus where embryo attaches

44
Q

Stratum functionalis

A

upper 2/3 portion thickens each month in anticipation of receiving fertilized egg

45
Q

Stratum basalis

A

attaches the endometrium to the Myometrium it helps the functionalis layer regenerate each month

46
Q

Vulva

A

Mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris an accessory glands

47
Q

Mons pubis

A

is a mound of hair covered at a post tissue overlying the symphysis pubis

48
Q

Prepuce

A

the hood of tissue over clitoris

49
Q

Lesser vestibular glands (skene’s glands)

A

a pair of mucous glands that open into the vestibule you’re the urinary meatus providing lubrication

50
Q

Greater vestibular glands (bartholin’s glands)

A

two pea sized glands that sit on either side of the vaginal opening secrete stuff to keep the vulva moist and provide lubrication

51
Q

Labium majus

A

is one of two thick folds of skin and adipose tissue hair grows on the lateral surfaces

52
Q

Labium minus

A

is a thinner hairless fold of skin just inside each labium Majus

53
Q

Vestibule

A

the area inside the labia that contains the urethral in vaginal openings

54
Q

Breasts

A

Each breast contains 15 to 20 lobules separated by fibrous tissue and adipose station

Acini: clusters of tiny saclike things that secrete milk during lactation

55
Q

The ovarian cycle

A

Females ovaries contain about 2 million eggs at birth

Many degenerate during childhood by time purity arrives only 400,000 remain

56
Q

Oogenesis

A

the process in which a mature ovum is formed

57
Q

Last days of menstruation

A

Low levels of estrogen and progesterone stimulate the hypothalamus to release GnRH

GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH

58
Q

Follicular phase

A

FSH trigger several of the follicles in the ovary to resume development beginning what is known as
the follicular phase

Usually only one follicle will make it to maturity as the follicle develops it secretes estrogen as well as small amounts of progesterone

As the follicle matures in migrates to the surface of the ovary the mature follicle is called Graafian follicle

In the midpoint of the cycle estrogen levels peak triggering a spike in LH

59
Q

Ovulation

A

The sudden spike in LH causes the follicle to rupture and release the ovum

The frimbiae of the flow be in tubes sweep across the top of the overdue to catch the emerging oocyte

60
Q

Luteal phase

A

Meanwhile the remains of the follicle remain on the ovary inform the corpus luteum which marks the beginning of the luteal phase

The corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone and small amounts of estrogen

The progesterone causes the endometrium to continue to thicken and become more vascular preparing it for pregnancy

High levels of progesterone and estrogen also inhibits the pituitary from producing FSH and LH so no other follicles develop

Fertilization doesn’t occurred the corpus luteum degenerates into an active scar tissue called corpus albicans

61
Q

The menstrual cycle

A

The hormones estrogen and progesterone drive the menstrual cycle

The cycle involves the build up of the endometrium followed by its breakdown and discharge

there are four phases the menstrual phase, proliferate phase, secretory phase and premenstrual phase

62
Q

Phases of the menstrual cycle

A

Menstrual
1-5

Proliferative`
6 to 14

Secretory
15 to 26

Premenstrual
26 to 28

63
Q

what happens in the menstrual phase

A

First aid noticeable vaginal bleeding

Last 3 to 5 days and occurs as the endometrium sheds

64
Q

what happens in the proliferative phase

A

When menstruation ceases only the base layer remains in the uterus

About DAY6 rising levels of estrogen stimulate the repair of the basal layer as well as the growth of blood vessels

During this stage the endometrium thickens about 2 to 3 mm

65
Q

what happens in the secretory phase

A

After ovulation increase progesterone from the corpus leutem causes functional air to thicken even more

During this phase the endometrium develops into nutrients bed about 5 to 6 mm thick

66
Q

what happens in the premenstrual phase

A

If fertilization doesn’t occur the corpus luteum atrophies and progesterone levels plummet

Blood vessels nourishing the endometrium spasm interrupting blood flow

The endometrium becomes ischemic and necrotic causing it to slough off the uterine wall

67
Q

Menstruation

A

estrogen and progesterone levels plummet causing the endometrium to slough off resulting in ministration

With the decline in ovarian hormones the pituitary gland is no longer inhibited

FSH levels begin to rise a new cycle begins

APHY 165 (12 decks)

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