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APHY 165 > AnP Chapter 23 (LO4) > Flashcards

AnP Chapter 23 (LO4) Flashcards

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1
Q

Primary sex organs

A

house sex cells
Gonads
Testes in males
Ovaries in females

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2
Q

Gametes:

A

sex cells
Sperm in males
Eggs in females

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3
Q

Secondary sex organs

A

Encompass all other organs necessary for reproduction

Males: ducts, glands and penis

Females: secondary sex organs are concerned with providing a location for the egg and sperm

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4
Q

Testes

A

Inside the scrotum

The organs that generate sperm and secrete testosterone

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5
Q

Spermatic cord

A

a strand of connective tissue and muscle that contains the sperm duct, blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves

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6
Q

The cremaster muscle

A

surrounds the spermatic cord and testes and contracts in cold weather

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7
Q

Median septum

A

divides the scrotum isolating each testicle

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8
Q

Spermatic ducts how they work

A
  1. A network of vessels called the rete testis leads away from the seminiferous tubules; they provide a place for sperm to partially mature
  2. Efferent ducles conduct immature sperm from the testes to the epididymis
  3. Sperm pass into the epididymis which is attached to the posterior side of the testis
    - –Sperm move from the head of the epididymis to the tail maturing as they go then are stored in the tail where they remain fertile for 40 to 60 days
  4. Sperm leave the tale of the epididymis and pass to the vas deferens
  5. The vast deferens travels up the spermatic cord through the inguinal canal and into the pelvic cavity then loops over the ureter and descends along the posterior bladder wall
  6. As the vas deferens turns downward it widens into an ambulance and ends by joining the seminal vesicles to form ejaculatory duct which pass through the prostate and empty into the urethra
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9
Q

Tubules

A

Continuously generates sperm

Several layers of cells line the walls of the tubules each layer containing germ cells in the process of becoming sperm

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10
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

tiny tubes in which sperm are produced

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11
Q

Germ cells

A

is a cell that gives rise to gametes

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12
Q

Sertoli cells

A

promote the development of sperm by supplying nutrients, removing waste and secreting the hormone inhibin which plays a role in the maturation and release of sperm

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13
Q

Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)

A

lie between the seminiferous tubules and produce testosterone

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14
Q

Accessory glands of male

A

Three sets of accessory glands the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral glands

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15
Q

Seminal vesicle

A

located at the base of the bladder a para glands which secretes a thick yellowish fluid into the ejaculatory duct

The fluid contains fructose as well as other substances that nourish and ensure sperm mobility

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16
Q

Prostate gland

A

sits just below the bladder where it in circles both the urethra and ejaculatory duct it secretes a thin, milky alkaline fluid into the urethra enhance a sperm mobility

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17
Q

Bulbourethral glands (cowper’s glands)

A

(2 pea shaped) secrets clear fluid into the penile portion of the urethra during sexual arousal it is a lubricant and neutralizes the acidity of residual urine in the urethra which would harm the sperm

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18
Q

Glans penis

A

the slightly bulging head

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19
Q

Prepuce

A

the loose skin covering the penis forming a cuff

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20
Q

Smegma

A

a waxy substance secreted by sebaceous glands in the prepuce in foreskin

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21
Q

Interior of the penis

A

Three cylinders of erectile tissue fill the shaft of the penis

Corpus cavernosa; the two larger cylinders of tissue

Corpus spongiosum: smaller cylinder of tissue that encircles the urethra

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22
Q

Spermatogenesis steps

A
  1. Sperm begin as spermatogonia: primitive sex cells with 46 chromosomes located in the walls of the semineferous tubules
  2. Spermatognia divide by mitosis to produce two daughter cells each with 46 chromosomes
  3. These cells differenciate into slighlty larger cells called primary spermaocytes which move toward the lumen of the smeiniferous tubule
  4. Through meiosis the primary spermocyte yields 2 genetically unique secondary spermatocytes each with 23 chromosomes
  5. Each secondary spermatocyte divides again to form two spermatids
  6. Spermatids differentiate to form heads and tails and eventually transform into mature spermatozoa each with 23 chromosomes
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23
Q

Spermatoza

A

Mature sperm consist of the head, a middle piece and a long whip like tail

The head contains nucleus which is packed with genetic material
—Acrozome: tops head of sperm it contains enzymes that help spem penetrate the egg during fertalization

The middle piece: contains numerous mitochondria that supply the sperm with the energy it needs to migrate up the female reproductive tract

The tail: a flagellum that whip like movements propel it

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24
Q

Semen 2 key qualities

A

Two key qualities include the stickiness and its alkalinity

The alkalinity of the semen counteracts the acidity of the vagina this is important because sperm become immobile in an acidic environment

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25
Male sexual response
Excitement Platue Orgasm Resolution
26
Primary reproductive organs of The accessory organs of female
Primary reproductive organs are the ovaries which are the female gametes The accessory organs include the flow be in tubes, uterus and vagina
27
Ovaries
Every ovary contains thousands of ovarian follicles that consist of immature or eggs or oocyte, surrounded by follicular cells The follicles evolve during the fetal. And undergo my ptotic division in the first phase of meiosis and as they develop they migrate toward the surface of the ovary Graafian follicle: fluid filled blister
28
Fallopian tubes
about 4 inches long and extend from the ovary to the uterus
29
isthmus
the portion of the fallopian tubes closest to the uterus
30
ampulla
middle portion of the tube usual side of egg fertilization Cilia line the inside
31
infundibulum
the distal funnel shaped end of the fallopian tube
32
fimbriae
finger like projections fan over the ovary because the floating tube does not attach directly to the overhang
33
uterus
Muscular chamber that houses in New Jersey growing embryo it sits between the urinary bladder in the rectum held in place by ligament
34
Fundus
the curved upper portion of the uterus
35
The central region of the uterus is the
body
36
Cervix
the inferior end of the uterus
37
Cervical canal
the passageway through the cervix links the uterus to the vagina
38
Vagina
Muscular tube about 3 inches services receptacle for the penis and sperm, a route for the discharge of menstrual blood and the passageway for the birth of a baby
39
Vaginal rugae
ridges in the lower end that help stimulate the penis during intercourse and allows for expansion during childbirth
40
The wall of the uterus has two key roles:
housing in nursing a growing foetus and expelling the foetus from the body during delivery
41
Perimetrium
the outer layer of uterus and is a serous membrane
42
Myometrium
the middle layer of uterus consists of smooth muscle that contracts during labour to expel the foetus from the uterus
43
Endometrium
innermost layer of uterus where embryo attaches
44
Stratum functionalis
upper 2/3 portion thickens each month in anticipation of receiving fertilized egg
45
Stratum basalis
attaches the endometrium to the Myometrium it helps the functionalis layer regenerate each month
46
Vulva
Mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris an accessory glands
47
Mons pubis
is a mound of hair covered at a post tissue overlying the symphysis pubis
48
Prepuce
the hood of tissue over clitoris
49
Lesser vestibular glands (skene’s glands)
a pair of mucous glands that open into the vestibule you’re the urinary meatus providing lubrication
50
Greater vestibular glands (bartholin’s glands)
two pea sized glands that sit on either side of the vaginal opening secrete stuff to keep the vulva moist and provide lubrication
51
Labium majus
is one of two thick folds of skin and adipose tissue hair grows on the lateral surfaces
52
Labium minus
is a thinner hairless fold of skin just inside each labium Majus
53
Vestibule
the area inside the labia that contains the urethral in vaginal openings
54
Breasts
Each breast contains 15 to 20 lobules separated by fibrous tissue and adipose station Acini: clusters of tiny saclike things that secrete milk during lactation
55
The ovarian cycle
Females ovaries contain about 2 million eggs at birth Many degenerate during childhood by time purity arrives only 400,000 remain
56
Oogenesis
the process in which a mature ovum is formed
57
Last days of menstruation
Low levels of estrogen and progesterone stimulate the hypothalamus to release GnRH GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH
58
Follicular phase
FSH trigger several of the follicles in the ovary to resume development beginning what is known as the follicular phase Usually only one follicle will make it to maturity as the follicle develops it secretes estrogen as well as small amounts of progesterone As the follicle matures in migrates to the surface of the ovary the mature follicle is called Graafian follicle In the midpoint of the cycle estrogen levels peak triggering a spike in LH
59
Ovulation
The sudden spike in LH causes the follicle to rupture and release the ovum The frimbiae of the flow be in tubes sweep across the top of the overdue to catch the emerging oocyte
60
Luteal phase
Meanwhile the remains of the follicle remain on the ovary inform the corpus luteum which marks the beginning of the luteal phase The corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone and small amounts of estrogen The progesterone causes the endometrium to continue to thicken and become more vascular preparing it for pregnancy High levels of progesterone and estrogen also inhibits the pituitary from producing FSH and LH so no other follicles develop Fertilization doesn’t occurred the corpus luteum degenerates into an active scar tissue called corpus albicans
61
The menstrual cycle
The hormones estrogen and progesterone drive the menstrual cycle The cycle involves the build up of the endometrium followed by its breakdown and discharge there are four phases the menstrual phase, proliferate phase, secretory phase and premenstrual phase
62
Phases of the menstrual cycle
Menstrual 1-5 Proliferative` 6 to 14 Secretory 15 to 26 Premenstrual 26 to 28
63
what happens in the menstrual phase
First aid noticeable vaginal bleeding Last 3 to 5 days and occurs as the endometrium sheds
64
what happens in the proliferative phase
When menstruation ceases only the base layer remains in the uterus About DAY6 rising levels of estrogen stimulate the repair of the basal layer as well as the growth of blood vessels During this stage the endometrium thickens about 2 to 3 mm
65
what happens in the secretory phase
After ovulation increase progesterone from the corpus leutem causes functional air to thicken even more During this phase the endometrium develops into nutrients bed about 5 to 6 mm thick
66
what happens in the premenstrual phase
If fertilization doesn’t occur the corpus luteum atrophies and progesterone levels plummet Blood vessels nourishing the endometrium spasm interrupting blood flow The endometrium becomes ischemic and necrotic causing it to slough off the uterine wall
67
Menstruation
estrogen and progesterone levels plummet causing the endometrium to slough off resulting in ministration With the decline in ovarian hormones the pituitary gland is no longer inhibited FSH levels begin to rise a new cycle begins

APHY 165 (12 decks)

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