AnP Chapter 8 (LO7) Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
FUNCTIONS
A
Provides the body’s framework and foundation
Interaction between bones and muscles create movement
Many muscle, arteries, veins and nerves are named from nearby bones
Provide landmarks for clinicians navigating around the body
2
Q
Axial skeleton
A
80 comprice upright, central supporting axis of body (skull, rib cage and vertabrel column)
3
Q
Appendicular skeleton
A
126 bones make up limbs, pelvic and shoulder area
4
Q
Articulations
A
surface markings, flat or rounded for joint formation, projections for muscle attachments, and depressions/passages for blood vessels and nerves
5
Q
Condyle
A
Rounded knob usually fits into fossa on another bone to form a joint
6
Q
Facet
A
A flat surface
7
Q
Head
A
The prominent expanded end of a bone
8
Q
Fossa
A
A furrow or depression
9
Q
Fovea
A
A small pit
10
Q
Sulcus
A
Groove or elongated depression
11
Q
Crest
A
A moderately raised ridge
12
Q
Epicondyle
A
A bump superior to a condyle
13
Q
Process
A
A projection or raised area
14
Q
Spine
A
A sharp, pointed process
15
Q
Trochanter
A
A large process; found only on the femur
16
Q
Tubercle
A
A small, rounded process
17
Q
Tuberosity
A
A rough raised bump usually for muscle attachment
18
Q
Canal
A
A tunnel through a bone
19
Q
Fissure
A
A long slit for blood vessels and nerves
20
Q
Foramen
A
A round opening, usually a passageway for vessels and nerves
21
Q
Meatus
A
A tuber-like opening
22
Q
Sinus
A
Cavity within a bone
23
Q
Pectoral girdle (4 bones)
A
Scapula 2
Clavicle 2
24
Q
Pelvic girdle (2 bones)
A
Coxal 2
25
Upper limbs (60 bones)
```
Humerous 2
Radius 2
Ulna 2
Carpals 16
Metacarpals 10
Phalanges 28
```
26
Lower limbs (60 bones)
```
Femur 2
Patella 2
Tibia 2
Fibula 2
Tarsals 14
Metatarsals 10
Phalanges 28
```
27
Ear ( 6 bones)
Malleus 2
Incus 2
Stapes 2
28
Vertebral column ( 26 bones)
Cervical vertebrae 7
Thoracic vertebrae 12
Lumbar vertebrae 5
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*Skull (22 bones)
Cranium 8
| Face 14
30
Cranium 8
```
Frontal 1
Parietal 2
Temporal 2
Occipital 1
Sphenoid 1
Ethmoid 1
```
31
Face 14
```
Nasal 2
Maxillary 2
Zygomatic 2
Mandible 1
Lacrimal 2
Palatine 2
Inferior nasal conchae 2
Vomer 1
```
32
CRANIUM
Bony structure housing the brain
33
Parietal bones 2
join together at top of head to form top and sides of cranial cavity
34
Occipital bones 1
forms the rear of the skull
35
Frontal bone 1
forms forehead and roof of eye sockets (orbits)
36
Ethmoid bone 1
contributes to walls of orbits, roof/wall of nasal cavity and nasal septum
37
Cribriform plate
forms part of roof of nasal cavity (allows olfactory nerve reach brain)
38
Sphenoid bone 1
key part of cranial floor plus floor and walls of the orbits
39
Sella turcica
houses pituitary gland
40
Temporal bones 2
form sides of cranium/ part of cranial floor also inner/middle ear
41
External auditory meatus
Mastoid process
Zygomatic arch
Styloid process
External auditory meatus (opening to ear)
Mastoid process (prominent lump behind ear)
Zygomatic arch (cheek bone)
Styloid process (attachment point for several neck muscles)
42
SUTURE LINES
Immovable joints that join the skull together
43
Coronal suture
joint between the parietal bones and the frontal bone
44
Lambdoid suture
the line of articulation between the parietal and occipital
45
Squamous suture
runs along the top edge of temporal bone
46
Sagittal suture
joint between the right and left parietal bones
47
Foramina
holes that allow for passage of nerves and blood vessels
48
Foramen magnum
large opening in the base of the skull that allows the spinal cord to pass through as it connects to the brainstem
49
14 bones of the face perform several functions
Support teeth
Attachment point for muscles
Form part of nasal and orbital cavities
Gives each face a unique characteristics
50
Maxillae 2
meet to form upper jaw; foundation of the face
Form part of orbit floor, roof of mouth and floor/walls of nos
51
Zygomatic 2
shape the cheeks and outer edge of the orbit
52
Lacrimal 2
paper thin bones form part of the side wall of the orbit
53
Nasal bones 2
rectangular bone form bridge of nose (rest of nose is cartilage) rectangular bone form bridge of nose (rest of nose is cartilage)
54
Inferior nasal conchae 2
contribute to the nasal cavity
55
Vomer
forms inferior half of nasal septum
56
Palatine 2
form posterior portion of hard palate
Form part of wall of nasal cavity and part of orbit floor
57
Mandible 1
largest and strongest facial bone
Articulations with temporal bone at temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Only facial bone that can move
58
Auditory ossicles
3 bones of the middle ear
Malleus (hammer), Incus (anvil), and Stapes (stirrup)
59
Hyoid bone
u shaped bone that sits between chin and larynx
Only bone that doesn’t articulate with any other bone
Attachment point for muscles that control tongue, mandible and larynx
60
Paranasal sinuses
skull cavity: 4 pairs of sinuses that open into internal nose
Frontal sinuses
Maxillary sinuses
Sphenoid sinuses
Ethmoid sinuses
61
INFANT SKULL
Varies from adult in 2 key ways:
1. Suture lines have not yet fused
- -Bones of skull can shift and overlap
- -Allow for rapid brain growth
2. Contains fontanels
62
5 SECTIONS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
```
Cervical vertebrae 7
Thoracic vertebrae 12
Lumbar vertebrae 5
Sacrum 5 fused vertebrae
Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae
```
63
Vertebral foramen
allows for passage from vertebrae
64
Spinous process
projects posteriorly from vertebrae
Bumps you feel when you run hand along spine
65
Transverse process
extend from each side of vertebrae
Both transverse and spinous processes serve as attachment points for ligaments and muscles
66
Intervertebral disc
layer of cartilage between each vertebrae
Designed to support weight and absorb shock
67
Nucleus pulposus
gel-like core of vertebral disc
68
Annulus fibrosus
ring of tough fibrocartilage
69
ATLAS
c1
Greek god who carried world on his shoulders
Supports the skull
Has no body rather a delicate ring and large vertebral foramen
Depressions on each side of the vertebra articulate with bony projections from occipital bone
When head moves back and forth the projections rock back and forth in the depressions
70
```
AXIS
Dens (odontoid process):
```
Transverse ligament:
C2
Dens (odontoid process): projection that projects into the atlas and allows swivel side to side
Transverse ligament: holds the dens in place
71
STERNUM
| 3 regions
1. Manubrium
- -Broadest portion
- -Suprasternal notch: easily palpated
2. Body
- -Largest portion
- -Joins manubrium at sternal angle (location of 2nd rib)
3. Xiphoid process
- -Important landmark for CPR
- -Provides attachment point for some abdominal muscles
72
True ribs
1-7 attach to sternum by costal cartilage
73
Costal cartilage
strip of hyaline cartilage
74
False ribs
8-12
| 8,9, 10 attach to cartilage of rib 7
75
Floating ribs
11 and 12
Do not attach to any part of anterior thoracic cage
76
Costal margin
Costal angle
Costal margins: lower edges of thoracic cage
Costal angle: 2 costal margins meet at xiphoid process
- Should be less than 90 degrees
- Pregnancy and lung disease cause angle to increase
77
Shoulder girdle/pectoral girdle
supports the arm
2 pectoral girdles- 1 on each side
Consists of a clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade)
78
Clavicle
slightly s-shaped
Articulations with sternum and scapula to help support the shoulder
79
Scapula
lies over ribs 2 to 7
Lateral portion has 3 main features
80
scapula 3 features
1. Acromion process: articulates with clavicle
- Only point where arm and scapula attach to rest of skeleton
2. Coracoid process: finger like process provides a point for arm muscles to attach
3. Glenoid cavity: shallow socket articulates with head of humorous
81
Humerus
long bone of upper arm consisting of:
Head: enlarged end of bone covered in articular cartilage
Articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula
82
Olecranon fossa
a depression on posterior side of humerus
83
Olecranon process
bony part of elbow
Slides in the olecranon fossa when arm is extended
84
Styloid process of radius/ulna
bony bumps that can be felt at wrist
85
Ulna
other bone lower arm: longer than radius
86
Proximal head:
distinctive disc that rotates on humerus when palm is turned forward and back
87
Radial tuberosity
where the biceps muscle attaches to bone
88
Phalanges
form fingers
Thumb consists of 2 others consist of 3
Identified by roman numerals I-V
89
Metacarpal bones
5 form the palm
90
Carpal bones
8 form wrist arranged in 2 rows of 4 bones
Allow wrist to move back/forth and side to side
Each bone has individual name
91
8 carpal bone names
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapoid, capitate and hamate
92
Pelvic girdle
foundation of the pelvis
93
Os coxae
each of the 2 large bones of hip (Coxal bone or innominate bone)
94
Os coxae consists of 3 bones fused together
ilium
ischium
pubis
95
ilium
ischium
pubis
Ilium: large, flaring section you can feel under the skin
Ischium: lower posterior portion
Pubis: most anterior portion that joins with other pubis at the symphysis pubis
96
Sacroiliac joint
where each os coxae articulates with the sacrum
97
Iliac crest
upper, outer edge of ilium
98
Greater sciatic notch
point through which static nerve passes on it’s path to the back of the thigh
99
Acetabulum
a depression that houses the head of the femur to form “hip socket”
100
Ischial tuberosity
support body when sitting
101
PELVIS
Combination of os coxae and the sacrum
Supports the trunk
Provides an attachment point for legs
Protects the organs of the pelvis
Divided into true (lesser) pelvis and a false (greater) pelvis
102
True pelvis
extends between pelvic brim
103
Pelvic outlet
lower edge of true pelvis
104
False pelvis
extends between the outer, flaring edges of iliac bones
105
Femur
Longest/strongest bone in body
Articulates with acetabulum of pelvis
106
Medial and lateral epicondyle
widest points of femur
107
Greater/lesser trochanter
attachment for hip muscles
108
Fibula
Long/slender beside tibia
Helps stabilize ankle
Does not bear weight
Head articulates with tibia
109
Lateral malleolus
distal end of fibula (ankle)
110
Tibia
Only one that bears weight (skin)
Articulates with femur
111
Tibial tuberosity
attachment point for thigh muscles
112
Medial malleolus
bony knob on inner ankle
113
Patella
Triangular sesamoid bone
Embedded in tendon of knee
Starts as cartilage and then ossifies between age 3 and 6
114
Hallux
big toe
Contains 2 bones: proximal and distal phalanx (not middle)
115
Arches of foot include:
a lateral longitudinal arch
Medial longitudinal arch
Transverse arch
