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APHY 165 > AnP Chapter 7 (LO7) > Flashcards

AnP Chapter 7 (LO7) Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Strength of bone is similar to…

As strong as —- and as light as ——

makes up –% of body weight

— bones in adult body

A

Strength of bone is similar to reinforced concrete

As strong as steel and as light as aluminum

makes up 14% of body weight

206 bones in adult body

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2
Q

BONE FUNCTIONS

shape

support

protection

movement

A

Shape: bones give the body its structure

Support: bones of legs, pelvis and vertebral column support the body and hold it upright

Protection: bones protect delicate internal organs such as heart, lungs, brain and spinal cord

Movement: movement of the arms and legs as well as the ability to breathe results from the interaction between muscles and bones

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3
Q

BONE FUNCTIONS

Electrolyte balance

Blood production

Acid-base balance

A

Electrolyte balance: bones store and release minerals such as calcium and phosphorus necessary ingredients for a variety of chemical reactions throughout the body

Blood production: bones encase bone marrow, a major site of blood cell formation

Acid-base balance: bone absorbs and releases alkaline salts to help maintain a stable pH

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4
Q

LONG BONES

A

Very long axis, longer than they are wide

Ex) femur and humerus

Work like levers to move bones

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5
Q

SHORT BONES

A

As broad as they are long

Shaped like cubes

Ex) carpal bones and tarsal bones

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6
Q

FLAT BONES

A

Thin, flat, often curved to protect organs

Ex) skull, ribs and breastbone

Provide a large surface for muscle attachment

Ex) scapulae

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7
Q

IRREGULAR BONES

A

Often clustered in groups, various sizes/shapes

Ex) vertebral and facial bones

Sesamoid bone: small bones embedded in tendons

Ex) kneecap

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8
Q

Epiphysis

A

head of each end of a long bone

Bulbous structure strengthens the joint and allows an expanded area for the attachment of tendons and ligaments

Made of porous looking spongy bone

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9
Q

Diaphysis

A

central shaft-like portion of the bone

Central shaft like portion of the bone, hollow cylinder

Gives bone the strength to support a large amount of weight

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10
Q

Articular cartilage

A

thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the surface of epiphysis
Eases the movement of the bone within a joint

Medullary cavity: central hollow portion

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11
Q

Endosteum

A

thin epithelial membrane that lines inside of the medullary cavity

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12
Q

Red bone marrow

A

medullary cavity is filled with blood cell-producing red bone marrow

In children

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13
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

bone marrow which is rich in fat

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14
Q

Periosteum

A

a dense fibrous membrane that covers diaphysis

Some fibers of the periosteum penetrate the bone ensuring that the membrane stays fully anchored

Other fibers weave together with the fibers of tendons which ensures a strong connection between muscle and bone

Contains bone forming cells and blood vessels

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15
Q

Epiphyseal plate/growth plate

A

in growing children a layer of cartilage

Separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis at the end of a long bone

Replaced with an epiphyseal line once growth stops

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16
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of bone and marrow

Usually the result of a bacterial infection

Bone infections are often difficult to treat and typically require prolonged intravenous antibiotics

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17
Q

Osseous tissue

A

type of connective tissue; consists of cells, fibers and extracellular material

Bone cells include osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes

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18
Q

Osteoblast

A

help form bone by secreting substances that comprise the bones matrix

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19
Q

Osteoclasts

A

dissolved unwanted or unhealthy bone

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20
Q

Osteocytes

A

are mature osteoblasts that have become entrapped in the hardened bone matrix

Dual role: some dissolved bone, others deposit new bone

Contribute to maintenance of bone density

Assists with the regulation of blood levels of calcium and phosphate

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21
Q

Matrix of bone

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A

is hard and calcified because it contains collagen fibers and crystalline salts (calcium and phosphate)

22
Q

Tensile strength

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A

collagen fibers in the matrix make bone highly resistant to stretching forces

Bone has significant tensile and compressional strength but lacks torsional strength

23
Q

Compressional strength

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A

bone lacks the ability to endure twisting

Most bone fractures result when torsional forces are exerted

24
Q

Osteoporosis

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A

a disease characterized by a loss of bone density

25
Increased load on bone
osteocytes stimulate the creation of new bone
26
FACTORS THAT AFFECT BONE GROWTH AND MAINTENANCE
Heredity: every individual inherits genes that determines his maximum height potential Nutrition: children who are malnourished grow very slow and may not reach their full height-calcium, phosphorus and vitamins D,C and A necessary for bone growth Hormones: hormones that contribute to bone growth include growth hormone, thyroxine, parathyroid hormone, insulin, estrogen and testosterone Exercise: without adequate physical stress (weight bearing exercise) bone destruction will outpace bone creation
27
Spongy bone
light and porous Found in the ends of long bones and middle of other bones Always surrounded by the more durable compact bone Also known as cancellous bone
28
Trabeculae
latticework of bone Adds strength without adding weight Cavities between trabeculae are filled with red bone marrow Red bone marrow supplies spongy bone with blood and produces blood cells
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Compact bone
dense and solid Density offers strength Forms the shafts of long bones and outer surface of others Consists of network of passageways containing nerves/blood vessels Bone injuries heal quickly because bones are well supplied with oxygen and nutrients
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Lacunae
tiny gaps between rings of the lamellae Contain osteocytes
31
Canaliculi
microscopic passageways Connect the lamellae to each other
32
Volkmann’s canals
transverse passageways Connect the haversian canals Transport blood and nutrients from bone’s exterior to osteocytes locked inside
33
BONE MARROW
Type of soft tissue that fills the medullary cavity of long bones Fills spaces of spongy bone
34
Red bone marrow
charged with producing red blood cells Nearly all of child’s bones contain red bone marrow in adults can be found only in ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull, pelvis, upper parts of humerus and femur
35
Yellow bone marrow
gradually replaces red bone marrow No longer produces blood cells because the cells are saturated with fat In severe chronic blood loss or anemia it can change back into red marrow
36
Ossifications
skeleton evolves into bone
37
Intramembranous ossification
ossification of fibrous connective tissue Begins when groups of stem cells in the tissue differentiate into osteoblasts Start out as fibrous connective tissue Skull and face
38
Centers for ossifications
ossification of fibrous connective tissue Calcium salts are deposited and the bone is calcified Not all bones are completely ossified at birth ex) rib cage
39
Fontanels (soft spot)
allow for safe compression of fetus head during birth Allows for skull to expand while brain grows Age 2 skull is completely ossified
40
Endochondral ossifications
cartilage turns to bone Begins in long bones After 3 months cartilage begins turning into bone
41
Steps of process of Endochondral ossification
1. Early life fetus Long bones are composed of cartilage and are models for development 2. Osteoblasts start to replace the chondrocytes ( cartilage cells) - -Osteoblasts coat the diaphysis in a thin layer of bone - -Then create a ring of bone the encircles the diaphysis - -Cartilage begins to calcify 3. Blood vessels then penetrate the cartilage - -Primarily ossification center develops in the middle of the diaphysis 4. The bone marrow cavity fills with blood and stem cells - -Ossification continues from the diaphysis toward each epiphysis - -Bone grows in length - -Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphysis
42
BONE WIDENING AND THICKENING
Continues throughout lifespan Occurs when osteoblasts in periosteum lay new layers of bone outside of the bone Osteoclasts on inner bone tissue work to dissolve bone tissue widening marrow cavity
43
Epiphyseal fracture
epiphyseal plate can separate from the diaphysis or epiphysis when overstressed This can affect future bone growth
44
BONE LENGTHENING
Occurs at epiphyseal plate Chondrocytes continue to multiply on epiphyseal side of the cartilage plate These cells move towards diaphysis Minerals are deposited and the cartilage becomes calcified Bone continues to lengthen as long as chondrocytes are produced in epiphyseal plate Between age 16 and 25 all cartilage is replaced with spongy bone When this happens bone lengthening stops and the epiphyses have “closed”
45
Epiphyseal plate
layer of hyaline cartilage at end of each bone
46
Epiphyseal line
remaining line of spongy bone
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bone remodelling: - Resorption - Ossification - Remodeling - Osteoclasts - Osteoblasts
Resorption: bone cells destroying old bone Ossification: depositing new cells Remodeling: resorption and ossification Osteoclasts remove matrix and reduce the mass of little used bones Osteoblasts deposit new bone tissue on the body’s surface, thickening heavily used bone
48
Fracture Closed reduction Open reduction
Fracture: a break in a bone Closed reduction: broken bones can be manipulated into their original position without surgery Open reduction: surgery is needed to reposition the bones with screws/pins/plates
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types of fractures - simple - compund - greenstick - comminuted - spiral - pathologic
Simple: bone dose not pierce the skin Compound: bone pierces the skin - -Damage to surrounding tissue, nerves and blood vessels may be extensive - -Because of broken skin, increased risk for infection Greenstick: the fracture is incomplete - -Typically in young children because of soft/flexible bones - -Bone splinters rather than breaks completely Comminuted: bone breaks into pieces (usually from high impact trauma) Spiral: fracture line spirals around bone (twisted force) Pathologic: fracture in a diseased/weakened bone from force that wouldn’t fracture a healthy bone
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FRACTURE REPAIR steps
1. When fracture occurs, blood vessels are torn resulting in a hematoma (clot) - -Hematoma transforms into a soft mass of granulation tissue containing inflammatory cells and bone forming cells aid in the healing process 2. Collagen and fibrocartilage are deposited in the granulation tissue transforming it into a soft callus 3. Bone forming cells produce a bony/hand callus around fracture - -Splits the two bone ends together as healing continues 4. Remodeling eventually replaces the callus tissue with bone

APHY 165 (12 decks)

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