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APHY 165 > AnP Chapter ? (LO6) > Flashcards

AnP Chapter ? (LO6) Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Skin

A

Only 1 to 2mm thick in most places, largest organ 17-20sqft

Defines the body’s structure

Self-regenerating tissue

Separates the internal from external environment

Protects the body from invasion by harmful substances

Helps maintain homeostasis

Sensory nerve receptors gather info from outside world

Ability to stretch and flexibility permit freedom of movement

Can signal diseases or disorders in other body systems

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2
Q

EPIDERMIS

A

Outermost layer

Consists of stratified squamous epithelial tissue

Contains no blood vessels

Obtains oxygen and nutrients by diffusion from dermal layer beneath it

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3
Q

DERMIS

A

Inner, deeper layer composed of connective tissue

Primarily fibers but also contains elastin fibers and reticular fibers (binds the 2 together)

Contains an abundance of blood vessel, sweat glands, sebaceous glands and nerve endings

Hair follicles

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4
Q

HYPODERMIS

A

Beneath skin

Subcutaneous tissue

Loose connective tissue and adipose tissue

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5
Q

Subcutaneous fat

A

hypodermis composed mostly of adipose tissue

Helps insulate the body from outside temp changes

Acts as an energy reservoir

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6
Q

LAYERS OF THE EPIDERMIS

A

Consists of 4-5 layers and an extra layer in areas with wear and tear

Cells of epidermis outer layer are replaced with new cells

New cells are created in lowest level of the epidermis

The new cells go through changes until they reach skin’s surface

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7
Q

Stratum basale (basal layer) also called stratum germinativum

A

Innermost layer

Consists of a layer of columnar stem cells

Those stem cells undergo mitosis, producing new skin cells pushing older towards surface

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8
Q

Keratin

A

tough, fibrous protein

produced when cells are pushed upward and stop dividing

it replaces the cytoplasm and nucleus in each cell

cells flatten and die as they move further away from blood supply

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9
Q

stratum corneum

A

Outermost layer

Keratin is all that’s left of the dead cells

Consists of up to 30 layers of dead, flat, keratin coated cells

Makes skin surface durable and resistant to abrasions

Effective barrier, preventing h20 from entering body while still allowing evaporation

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10
Q

Keratinocytes

A

newly arriving flattened cells replace dead cells that flake

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11
Q

Melanocytes

A

produce melanin, scattered throughout basal layer of epidermis

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12
Q

Melanin

A

accumulates in cells of epidermis

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13
Q

2 TYPES OF MELANIN

A

Reddish pheomelanin

Brown-black eumelanin

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14
Q

Skin color is determined b

A

the amount and type of melanin not melanocytes

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15
Q

how melanin works

A

Melanocytes release melanin with the help of long projections

Keratinocytes bring the melanin into their cells

Caps of melanin are formed over the top of the cell nucleus to protect from UV rays

Prolonged exposure to sunlight stimulates cells to secrete more melanin
—Protects cell’s nucleus and darkens the skin

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16
Q

Cyanosis

A

-Blue tint

A deficiency of 02 in circulating blood

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17
Q

jaundice

A
  • yellow discoloration of skin and the whites of the eyes

- Impaired liver function that allows bile to accumulate which stains the skin

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18
Q

Bronzing

A

A golden brown skin color

A deficiency of hormones from adrenal gland, such as occurs with Addison disease

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19
Q

Albinism

A

Extremely pale skin, white hair and pink eyes

A genetic lack of melanin

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20
Q

Erythema

A

Abnormal redness
Increased blood flow in dilated blood vessels close to skin surface

May result from heat, exercise, sunburn or emotions

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21
Q

Pallor

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A

Pale skin

Decreased blood flow occurs from cold temps, fear, emotional stress, low blood pressure or blood lost

22
Q

Bruise (hematoma

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A

Bluish, black or yellow mark on the skin

The breakdown of clotted blood under skin

23
Q

HAIR

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A

Everywhere except palms, soles, lips, nipples and some areas of the genitals

24
Q

Papilla:

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A

cluster of blood vessels and connective tissue that nourishes at the base of the hair

25
Arrector pili
bundle of smooth muscle attached to each hair follicle
26
Hair follicle
sheath of epidermis each hair lies within have a rich nerve and blood supply
27
HAIR TEXTURE AND COLOUR
Colour obtained from melanin Grey/white: lack of melanin Red: eumelanin and phenomelanin
28
2 types of melanin create different shades
Eumelanin: dark Pheomelanin: blonde
29
Shape of hair shaft determines whether it’s straight or curly
Round shaft: straight hair Oval shaft: curly hair
30
ABNORMAL NAIL CHANGES Clubbing
- Long term 02 deficiency - looks like drumstick from above -nail bed softens causing nail to angle downward (beaked appearance from side)
31
ABNORMAL NAIL CHANGES Flattened/concaved nail beds
may indicate iron deficiency
32
ABNORMAL NAIL CHANGES Dark lines beneath nail
- may indicate melanoma in lighter skinned individuals | - such lines may be normal in dark individuals
33
ABNORMAL NAIL CHANGES White nails
-may occur in individuals with lung disease such as emphysema
34
ABNORMAL NAIL CHANGES Yellowish, thickened, slow growing nails
often occur in individuals with lung disease such as emphysema
35
Pale nail beds
may be a sign of anemia
36
SWEAT GLANDS
Most numerous of the skin glands Adult skin contains 3-4 million sweat glands Everyday body loses 500ml of insensible perspiration
37
Endocrine glands
Contain a duct that leads from a secretory portion on to skin surface Widespread throughout the body, especially abundant on palms, soles, forehead and upper torso Produce a transparent, watery fluid (sweat) Sweat contains potassium, ammonium, lactic acid, uric acid and other wastes Sweat plays a chief role in helping the body maintain a constant core temp and eliminated wastes
38
Apocrine glands
Contain a duct that leads to a hair follicle Located mainly in the axillary and anogenital (groin) regions Scent glands that respond to stress and sexual stimulation Begin to function at puberty Sweat produced by these glands don’t have a strong odor unless it accumulates on skin; bacteria degrade substances in sweat = body odor
39
SEBACEOUS GLANDS
Open into hair follicle Secretes sebum Sebum: keeps skin and hair from drying out - --Mild antibacterial and antifungal effect - --Excess= pimples and black heads Sebum production increases during adolescence
40
CERMINOUS GLANDS
Exist in external ear canal Cerumen: ear wax Helps ear from drying out Excess= diminishing hearing
41
first degree burn
Partial thickness burn: superficial Involves only the epidermis Causes redness, slight swelling and pain
42
second degree burn
Partial thickness burn: deep (red, white or tan) Involves epidermis and part of dermis Results in blisters, severe pain and swelling May result in scarring
43
third degree burn
Partial thickness burn: deep (red, white or tan) Involves epidermis and part of dermis Results in blisters, severe pain and swelling May result in scarring
44
acne
Inflammation of the sebaceous glands, in which follicle becomes blocked with keratinocytes and sebum creating white and black heads
45
dermatitis
Inflammation of the sebaceous glands, in which follicle becomes blocked with keratinocytes and sebum creating white and black heads
46
Eczema
Itchy, red rash caused by an allergy; lesions initially weep or ooze serum and may become crusted, thickened or scaly
47
Impetigo
Contagious bacterial infection of the skin, producing yellow to red weeping, crusted or pustular lesions around the nose, mouth or cheeks on extremities
48
Psoriasis
A recurring skin disorder characterized by red papules and scaly silvery plaques with sharply defined borders
49
Tinea
Any fungal infection of the skin; usually occurs in most areas, such as the groin, axilla and foot (athlete’s foot)
50
Urticaria
Allergic reaction resulting in multiple red patches (wheals) that are intensely itchy

APHY 165 (12 decks)

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