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Fall Quarter 2023 Exam Prep > ANT 001 Final Exam > Flashcards

ANT 001 Final Exam Flashcards

(119 cards)

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1
Q

Microevolution

A

evolution within populations of a single species

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2
Q

Macroevolution

A

evolution at, or above, species level

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3
Q

Principle of uniformitarianism

A

same processes that are acting today have been acting throughout Earth’s history

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4
Q

Modern synthesis 1st wave

A

builds bridges between genetic and evolution

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5
Q

Modern synthesis 2nd wave

A

builds bridges between micro and macro

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6
Q

What are the three species concepts?

A

biological, ecological, evolutionary

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7
Q

Biological species concept

A

species is a group of reproductively isolated organisms (no gene flow)

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8
Q

Ecological species concept

A

species is a group of organisms bound by selection pressures that are distinct from selection pressures on other groups

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9
Q

Evolutionary species concept

A

species is a lineage of populations that descend from a common ancestor, distinct from other lineages

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10
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

speciation that occurs when biological populations of the same species become isolated due to geographical changes (mountain building, emigration)

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11
Q

Parapatric speciation

A

when a species is spread over a large geographic area, but only reproduces with local species

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12
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

evolution of a new species from thriving ancestral species while both continue to inhabit the same geographic region

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13
Q

Speciation

A

formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution

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14
Q

Linnaean classification

A

Carolus of taxonomy created by carols Linnaeus

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15
Q

Phylogeny

A

representation of evolutionary history and relationships between groups of organisms

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16
Q

Molecular “clocks”

A

measure of evolutionary change over time at the molecular level that allows scientists to predict how long ago two related ancestors diverged from a common ancestor

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17
Q

Ancestral trait

A

traits inherited from the common ancestor

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18
Q

Derived trait

A

traits that just appeared (mutation) in the most recent ancestor

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19
Q

Convergent evolution

A

process whereby distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar necessities

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20
Q

Common evolutionary history

A

ancestral group of organisms that is shared by multiple lineages

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21
Q

Homology

A

structures that are similar due to a shared ancestry (vertebraes all have spines)

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22
Q

Analogy

A

structures that do not share an origin but have a similar function (butterfly & bird wings)

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23
Q

Microevolution –> ?

A

macroevolution, given time

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24
Q

When does speciation occur?

A

geographic or behavior barriers interrupt gene flow, or when selection favors mechanisms to limit interbreeding

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25
Extant
opposite of extinction, still alive and most recent
26
Human role in extinction
habitat loss, hunting, disease
27
Habitat loss
clear-cut logging for timber, land conversion for agriculture and livestock
28
Hunting
bushmeat, pet trade
29
Disease
epidemics, emerging infectious diseases
30
Range restriction for primates
predicted to narrow: current primate distribution --> agricultural expansion -->predicted primate range by the end of the century low
31
Major ultimate threats to primates
poverty, population expansion, poor governance
32
Shared derived traits
traits two or more related species have in common but some slightly more distant ancestors represented the phylogeny lack these traits
33
Outgroup
group of organisms not belonging to the group whose evolutionary relationships are being investigated
34
Strepsirrhini
moist nose
35
Haplorrhini
dry nose
36
Prosimian
primitive primate group that includes lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers
37
Anthropoids
human-like creatures
38
Infraorder Platyrrhini
flat-nosed new world monkeys (diurnal, arboreal, prehensile tails, 3 premolars)
39
Infraorder Catarrhini
down-nosed old world monkeys, apes, humans (medium to large groups, mostly in Africa,
40
Monophyletic
descended from a common ancestor or ancestral group not shared with any other group
41
Paraphyletic
descended from a common ancestor or ancestral group but not including all of the descendant groups
42
Apes
no tail, broader noses, larger brains, y-shaped ridges on molars,
43
Locomotion
movement or ability to move from one place to another
44
Locomotion in chest morphology
monkey deep trunk (sitting on branches), hominid wide trunk (hanging from branches)
45
Phylogenetic
evolutionary development or diversification of a species or a particular feature of an organism
46
Natural selection favors primates who:
find food, avoid predation, find mates & raise offspring
47
Environment
community of living organisms + non-living components
48
Primate socio-ecology
study of how primate social systems are influenced by the environment
49
Social systems
primate societies (different gender ratios)
50
Insectivore
feeding on or adapted for feeding on insects
51
Folivore
animal that feeds on leaves
52
Frugivore
animal that feeds on fruit
53
Fruit seeds & Molars
seed specialists need a thick molar enamel
54
Fruit specialization
low rounded molar (grinding) large piercing incisors (piercing fruit husk) rigid, bony plates (rubbing fruit against)
55
Gum Specialization
gum: viscous secretion from trees and shrubs, large prominent incisors, gouging
56
Insect Specialization
sharp teeth for piercing & shearing prey
57
Leaves Specialization
high cusps (slicing, shearing crests) thin molar enamel (thin enamel creates sharp edges)
58
Mechanical function of digestion
teeth
59
Chemical digestion
stomach, small intestine, large intestine, caecum
60
Metabolic rate
(body weight) ^0.75
61
Fallback foods
foods that become important during periods when preferred foods are scarce
62
Anti-predator strategies
taste disgusting, avoid detection, nocturnal, congregate with other members of the species
63
Why do most primates live in groups?
DILUTES predation risk, improves predator DETECTION, and collective DETERRENCE (mobbing)
64
Tradeoffs for large groups
Need to visit more feeding patches, increased daily travel distance, fission-fusion
65
Large primates
low quality diets and large groups
66
Small primates
high quality diets and small groups
67
What shapes adaptations for food processing?
fallback foods
68
Feeding competition affects:
group size and social relations
69
Predation affects
primate evolution (favors group-living)
70
Contest competition males
increase mating success by preventing other males from mating
71
Contest competition females
increase feeding success by preventing other females from feeding
72
Scramble competition males
increase mating success by getting access to females first
73
Scramble competition females
increase feeding success by getting access to food first
74
Ecological constraints
ecological conditions deter individuals from breeding independently so individuals breed cooperatively to make the best of a bad situation
75
What affects female strategies & distributions?
distribution of resources and predation risks
76
What affects male strategies?
female distribution and need for parental care
77
What may have selected for larger brains?
coalitions
78
Teleology
study of ends or purposes by looking at results
79
Exaptation
adaptation co-opted for something other than what it was favored by natural selection
80
Naturalistic fallacy
the belief that just because something evolved some way it is "good"
81
Co-evolve
traits that evolve together OR traits the evolve reciprocally in two different species
82
Phenotypic plasticity
ability of individual genotypes to produce different phenotypes in different environmental conditions
83
Hominins have traits that are:
1. Ancestral and shared with Apes 2. Derived traits
84
Important features of human life history, cognition, and body morphology...
co-evolve
85
How can we reconstruct the past of our species?
socio-ecological theory, life history theory, theoretical simulations, fossil record, genetic data
86
PEOMPPH
paleocene, eocene, oligocene, miocene, pliocene, pleistocene, holocene
87
Niches
role of an organism in a community
88
Stratigraphy
branch of geology that deals with the study of nature, distribution, and relations of stratified rocks in the earth's crust
89
Relative time
rate time passes based on your frame of reference
90
Strata
stacked up layers of sedimentary rock
91
Absolute time
progresses at a consistent pace independently of events or processes
92
Half-life
average amount of time until half the atoms in the sample have decayed
93
When did primate evolution begin
>65 Ma
94
Where/how did initial primate evolution take place
Cenozoic and proceeds as a series of radiations
95
When did hominin evolution diversify geographically
1.9 Ma
96
What derived features have hominids evolved?
bipedalism, reduced sexual dimorphism, large brains, difficult birth, long life histories & cumulative culture
97
Bipedalism
walking upright on 2 legs
98
Distance running traits
more balanced head during running, larger glutes, arched feet, longer legs
99
Bicondylar angle
angle that serves to place the knee and foot under the body's center of gravity
100
Genera
singular term for genus
101
Prognathic
bottom of the face just out
102
Splitters
taxonomist who attaches more importance to differences than to similarities in classification
103
Lumpers
taxonomist who attaches more importance to similarities than to differences in classification
104
What is one of the earliest derived traits of hominins?
bipedalism
105
Why did bipedalism evolve?
adaptation to different habitats that arose from global changes in climate
106
When is evidence of bipedalism present in the fossil record?
~4Ma, some suspect 7Ma
107
Early hominids may have been less efficient ______&_______ than later hominins, and they likely spent a considerable amount of time _________
Walkers & runners, climbing trees
108
Paleontological
study of fossils to learn about non-human life
109
Archaeological
study of human made artifacts and structures to learn about ancient people and cultures
110
Social intelligence hypothesis
bigger brains evolved in response to challenges associated with social complexity
111
Extractive foraging hypothesis
bigger brains arose as a result of high-energy foods and intelligent tool use to get them
112
Cultural brain hypothesis
bigger brains are a result of social learning and shared culture
113
Taphonomic
study of processes that affect animal and plant remains as they become fossilized
114
Altricial
hatched or born helpless requiring significant care
115
The hominin fossil record documents the mosaic (piecemeal) appearance of...
human traits
116
When do bipedalism and reduced canine size appear?
early
117
When did increases in brain size relative to body size occur?
late in human evolution
118
Which traits likely co-evolved in humans?
brain size, foraging & hunting technologies, life histories, and sexual dimorphism
119
Which fossil might have been the only hominin with as slow life histories as ours?
H.sapiens

Fall Quarter 2023 Exam Prep (9 decks)

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