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Fall Quarter 2023 Exam Prep > ANT 001 Final Exam > Flashcards

ANT 001 Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Microevolution

A

evolution within populations of a single species

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2
Q

Macroevolution

A

evolution at, or above, species level

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3
Q

Principle of uniformitarianism

A

same processes that are acting today have been acting throughout Earth’s history

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4
Q

Modern synthesis 1st wave

A

builds bridges between genetic and evolution

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5
Q

Modern synthesis 2nd wave

A

builds bridges between micro and macro

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6
Q

What are the three species concepts?

A

biological, ecological, evolutionary

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7
Q

Biological species concept

A

species is a group of reproductively isolated organisms (no gene flow)

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8
Q

Ecological species concept

A

species is a group of organisms bound by selection pressures that are distinct from selection pressures on other groups

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9
Q

Evolutionary species concept

A

species is a lineage of populations that descend from a common ancestor, distinct from other lineages

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10
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

speciation that occurs when biological populations of the same species become isolated due to geographical changes (mountain building, emigration)

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11
Q

Parapatric speciation

A

when a species is spread over a large geographic area, but only reproduces with local species

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12
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

evolution of a new species from thriving ancestral species while both continue to inhabit the same geographic region

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13
Q

Speciation

A

formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution

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14
Q

Linnaean classification

A

Carolus of taxonomy created by carols Linnaeus

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15
Q

Phylogeny

A

representation of evolutionary history and relationships between groups of organisms

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16
Q

Molecular “clocks”

A

measure of evolutionary change over time at the molecular level that allows scientists to predict how long ago two related ancestors diverged from a common ancestor

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17
Q

Ancestral trait

A

traits inherited from the common ancestor

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18
Q

Derived trait

A

traits that just appeared (mutation) in the most recent ancestor

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19
Q

Convergent evolution

A

process whereby distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar necessities

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20
Q

Common evolutionary history

A

ancestral group of organisms that is shared by multiple lineages

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21
Q

Homology

A

structures that are similar due to a shared ancestry (vertebraes all have spines)

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22
Q

Analogy

A

structures that do not share an origin but have a similar function (butterfly & bird wings)

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23
Q

Microevolution –> ?

A

macroevolution, given time

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24
Q

When does speciation occur?

A

geographic or behavior barriers interrupt gene flow, or when selection favors mechanisms to limit interbreeding

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25
Q

Extant

A

opposite of extinction, still alive and most recent

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26
Q

Human role in extinction

A

habitat loss, hunting, disease

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27
Q

Habitat loss

A

clear-cut logging for timber, land conversion for agriculture and livestock

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28
Q

Hunting

A

bushmeat, pet trade

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29
Q

Disease

A

epidemics, emerging infectious diseases

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30
Q

Range restriction for primates

A

predicted to narrow: current primate distribution –> agricultural expansion –>predicted primate range by the end of the century low

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31
Q

Major ultimate threats to primates

A

poverty, population expansion, poor governance

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32
Q

Shared derived traits

A

traits two or more related species have in common but some slightly more distant ancestors represented the phylogeny lack these traits

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33
Q

Outgroup

A

group of organisms not belonging to the group whose evolutionary relationships are being investigated

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34
Q

Strepsirrhini

A

moist nose

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35
Q

Haplorrhini

A

dry nose

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36
Q

Prosimian

A

primitive primate group that includes lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers

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37
Q

Anthropoids

A

human-like creatures

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38
Q

Infraorder Platyrrhini

A

flat-nosed new world monkeys (diurnal, arboreal, prehensile tails, 3 premolars)

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39
Q

Infraorder Catarrhini

A

down-nosed old world monkeys, apes, humans (medium to large groups, mostly in Africa,

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40
Q

Monophyletic

A

descended from a common ancestor or ancestral group not shared with any other group

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41
Q

Paraphyletic

A

descended from a common ancestor or ancestral group but not including all of the descendant groups

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42
Q

Apes

A

no tail, broader noses, larger brains, y-shaped ridges on molars,

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43
Q

Locomotion

A

movement or ability to move from one place to another

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44
Q

Locomotion in chest morphology

A

monkey deep trunk (sitting on branches), hominid wide trunk (hanging from branches)

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45
Q

Phylogenetic

A

evolutionary development or diversification of a species or a particular feature of an organism

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46
Q

Natural selection favors primates who:

A

find food, avoid predation, find mates & raise offspring

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47
Q

Environment

A

community of living organisms + non-living components

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48
Q

Primate socio-ecology

A

study of how primate social systems are influenced by the environment

49
Q

Social systems

A

primate societies (different gender ratios)

50
Q

Insectivore

A

feeding on or adapted for feeding on insects

51
Q

Folivore

A

animal that feeds on leaves

52
Q

Frugivore

A

animal that feeds on fruit

53
Q

Fruit seeds & Molars

A

seed specialists need a thick molar enamel

54
Q

Fruit specialization

A

low rounded molar (grinding) large piercing incisors (piercing fruit husk) rigid, bony plates (rubbing fruit against)

55
Q

Gum Specialization

A

gum: viscous secretion from trees and shrubs, large prominent incisors, gouging

56
Q

Insect Specialization

A

sharp teeth for piercing & shearing prey

57
Q

Leaves Specialization

A

high cusps (slicing, shearing crests) thin molar enamel (thin enamel creates sharp edges)

58
Q

Mechanical function of digestion

A

teeth

59
Q

Chemical digestion

A

stomach, small intestine, large intestine, caecum

60
Q

Metabolic rate

A

(body weight) ^0.75

61
Q

Fallback foods

A

foods that become important during periods when preferred foods are scarce

62
Q

Anti-predator strategies

A

taste disgusting, avoid detection, nocturnal, congregate with other members of the species

63
Q

Why do most primates live in groups?

A

DILUTES predation risk, improves predator DETECTION, and collective DETERRENCE (mobbing)

64
Q

Tradeoffs for large groups

A

Need to visit more feeding patches, increased daily travel distance, fission-fusion

65
Q

Large primates

A

low quality diets and large groups

66
Q

Small primates

A

high quality diets and small groups

67
Q

What shapes adaptations for food processing?

A

fallback foods

68
Q

Feeding competition affects:

A

group size and social relations

69
Q

Predation affects

A

primate evolution (favors group-living)

70
Q

Contest competition males

A

increase mating success by preventing other males from mating

71
Q

Contest competition females

A

increase feeding success by preventing other females from feeding

72
Q

Scramble competition males

A

increase mating success by getting access to females first

73
Q

Scramble competition females

A

increase feeding success by getting access to food first

74
Q

Ecological constraints

A

ecological conditions deter individuals from breeding independently so individuals breed cooperatively to make the best of a bad situation

75
Q

What affects female strategies & distributions?

A

distribution of resources and predation risks

76
Q

What affects male strategies?

A

female distribution and need for parental care

77
Q

What may have selected for larger brains?

A

coalitions

78
Q

Teleology

A

study of ends or purposes by looking at results

79
Q

Exaptation

A

adaptation co-opted for something other than what it was favored by natural selection

80
Q

Naturalistic fallacy

A

the belief that just because something evolved some way it is “good”

81
Q

Co-evolve

A

traits that evolve together OR traits the evolve reciprocally in two different species

82
Q

Phenotypic plasticity

A

ability of individual genotypes to produce different phenotypes in different environmental conditions

83
Q

Hominins have traits that are:

A
  1. Ancestral and shared with Apes
  2. Derived traits
84
Q

Important features of human life history, cognition, and body morphology…

A

co-evolve

85
Q

How can we reconstruct the past of our species?

A

socio-ecological theory, life history theory, theoretical simulations, fossil record, genetic data

86
Q

PEOMPPH

A

paleocene, eocene, oligocene, miocene, pliocene, pleistocene, holocene

87
Q

Niches

A

role of an organism in a community

88
Q

Stratigraphy

A

branch of geology that deals with the study of nature, distribution, and relations of stratified rocks in the earth’s crust

89
Q

Relative time

A

rate time passes based on your frame of reference

90
Q

Strata

A

stacked up layers of sedimentary rock

91
Q

Absolute time

A

progresses at a consistent pace independently of events or processes

92
Q

Half-life

A

average amount of time until half the atoms in the sample have decayed

93
Q

When did primate evolution begin

A

> 65 Ma

94
Q

Where/how did initial primate evolution take place

A

Cenozoic and proceeds as a series of radiations

95
Q

When did hominin evolution diversify geographically

A

1.9 Ma

96
Q

What derived features have hominids evolved?

A

bipedalism, reduced sexual dimorphism, large brains, difficult birth, long life histories & cumulative culture

97
Q

Bipedalism

A

walking upright on 2 legs

98
Q

Distance running traits

A

more balanced head during running, larger glutes, arched feet, longer legs

99
Q

Bicondylar angle

A

angle that serves to place the knee and foot under the body’s center of gravity

100
Q

Genera

A

singular term for genus

101
Q

Prognathic

A

bottom of the face just out

102
Q

Splitters

A

taxonomist who attaches more importance to differences than to similarities in classification

103
Q

Lumpers

A

taxonomist who attaches more importance to similarities than to differences in classification

104
Q

What is one of the earliest derived traits of hominins?

A

bipedalism

105
Q

Why did bipedalism evolve?

A

adaptation to different habitats that arose from global changes in climate

106
Q

When is evidence of bipedalism present in the fossil record?

A

~4Ma, some suspect 7Ma

107
Q

Early hominids may have been less efficient ______&_______ than later hominins, and they likely spent a considerable amount of time _________

A

Walkers & runners, climbing trees

108
Q

Paleontological

A

study of fossils to learn about non-human life

109
Q

Archaeological

A

study of human made artifacts and structures to learn about ancient people and cultures

110
Q

Social intelligence hypothesis

A

bigger brains evolved in response to challenges associated with social complexity

111
Q

Extractive foraging hypothesis

A

bigger brains arose as a result of high-energy foods and intelligent tool use to get them

112
Q

Cultural brain hypothesis

A

bigger brains are a result of social learning and shared culture

113
Q

Taphonomic

A

study of processes that affect animal and plant remains as they become fossilized

114
Q

Altricial

A

hatched or born helpless requiring significant care

115
Q

The hominin fossil record documents the mosaic (piecemeal) appearance of…

A

human traits

116
Q

When do bipedalism and reduced canine size appear?

A

early

117
Q

When did increases in brain size relative to body size occur?

A

late in human evolution

118
Q

Which traits likely co-evolved in humans?

A

brain size, foraging & hunting technologies, life histories, and sexual dimorphism

119
Q

Which fossil might have been the only hominin with as slow life histories as ours?

A

H.sapiens

Fall Quarter 2023 Exam Prep (9 decks)

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