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Fall Quarter 2023 Exam Prep > ANT 001 Midterm KEY TERMS > Flashcards

ANT 001 Midterm KEY TERMS Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropology

A

holistic study of humans requiring time depth

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2
Q

Ultimate explanations

A

Why a behavior exists, adaptive, phylogenetic

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3
Q

Proximate explanations

A

how does the behavior work

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4
Q

Prescriptive questions

A

questions with unknowable answers

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5
Q

Descriptive questions

A

questions with knowable answers

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6
Q

Evolution

A

gradual development of all kinds of living organisms over time

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7
Q

Natural selection

A

organisms better suited to their environment will survive and produce more offspring

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8
Q

Directional selection

A

natural selection favors individuals with traits that are different from the average, which changes the average

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9
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

natural selection favors the average trait, so it maintains the status quo

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10
Q

Balancing selection

A

natural selection maintains genetic variation by favoring multiple alleles that are actively maintained in the gene pool of a population

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11
Q

Variation

A

differences between individual species

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12
Q

(Complex) adaptation

A

adaptation that requires multiple, specific mutations to create a new complex trait (the human brain, the eye, bird wings etc)

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13
Q

Taxonomy

A

classification of organisms

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14
Q

Convergent evolution

A

related traits or features in unrelated species (mole fingers in mole and insect)

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15
Q

Lamarckism

A

theory that changes in organisms lifetimes could be transmitted to their offspring (giraffes stretching their necks)

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16
Q

Darwin/Wallace

A

evolutionary scientists, more successful organisms will have more surviving offspring

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17
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Earth has always changed in uniform ways and the present is the key to the past

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18
Q

Inheritance

A

acquiring genes/traits from a parent

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19
Q

Mendel’s laws (segregation & independent assortment)

A
  1. particles of inheritance separate: characteristics of organisms are determined by two particles, one from each parent
  2. independent assortment: particles for different traits are independently inherited
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20
Q

Phenotypes

A

observable characteristics from genotype and environment

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21
Q

Genotypes

A

genetic constitution of an individual organism

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22
Q

Gene expression

A

process by which information in a gene is turned into a function

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23
Q

Gametes

A

reproductive cell

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24
Q

Mutations (synonymous & non-synonymous)

A

change in the DNA sequence (s= no change in protein sequence, ns= change)

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25
Q

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism

A

variation in a base pair DNA sequence

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26
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

A

Mitosis- somatic cell division resulting in copies of paired chromosomes
Meiosis- gamete cell division resulting in 1 of the paired chromosomes

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27
Q

Chromosome (autosomes & sex)

A

Humans have 22 pairs autosomes and 1 pair sex chromosomes with X and Y

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28
Q

Recombination and linkage

A

Recombination- chromosomes tangle and break during meiosis and bits are swapped
Linkage- genes on the same chromosome tend to stay together during meiosis

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29
Q

Allele (dominant and recessive)

A

one of two or more alternate forms of a gene that are found on the same place on a chromosome

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30
Q

Locus

A

specific location on a gene

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31
Q

Random mating

A

mating between organisms that is not controlled

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32
Q

Hardy-Weinberg relationship

A

a population will reach equilibrium after one generation of random mating

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33
Q

Gene frequencies

A

how common an allele is in a population

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34
Q

Population genetics

A

study of genetic variation within and among populations

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35
Q

Continuous trait

A

distribution of phenotypes in a population varies on a continuum

36
Q

Quantitative genetics

A

study of genetics based on underlying phenotypic variation

37
Q

Neutral evolutionary processes

A

Mutation, genetic drift, gene flow

38
Q

Mutation

A

change in the DNA base

39
Q

Genetic drift

A

change in allele frequencies in a population that is finite in size

40
Q

Gene flow

A

migration, movement of alleles from one population to another

41
Q

Genetic distance

A

how genetically dissimilar two species are

42
Q

Constraints on adaptation

A

global and local optimum, disequilibria, physical constraints (elephants can’t fly like dumbo)

43
Q

Correlated traits & pleiotropy

A

pleiotropy- one gene affects multiple traits at the same time, if one gene changes, multiple genotypic traits change

44
Q

Disequilibria

A

when environments change adaptation takes time

45
Q

Local optimum

A

when a population is stuck at just a good solution (whales hold breath)

46
Q

Heritability

A

how well differences in people’s genes account for differences in their traits

47
Q

Hidden variation

A

minor changes in DNA that don’t cause visible differences but allow population to move beyond original phenotype

48
Q

Plasticity

A

ability of an organism to adapt to their environment

49
Q

From genes to proteins

A

stretches of RNA called introns are removed, leaving only exons which code for proteins

50
Q

Haplotypes

A

combination of alleles or SNP’s that are inherited together

51
Q

Nuclear vs. mtDNA

A

mtDNA sequences are frequently identical between different people

52
Q

Patterns of human genetic variation

A

influenced by genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, natural selection

53
Q

Within & between group variation

A

most genetic variation occurs within groups rather than between them

54
Q

Race vs. ancestry

A

cannot determine ancestry by race, race is a social construct

55
Q

Clinal variation

A

human variation is gradual across geography, not discrete

56
Q

Human phenotypic variation

A

natural selection or neutral evolutionary processes

57
Q

Genetic effects

A

caused by mutations in germ cell (gamete) that lead to permanent changes in genetic material

58
Q

Environmental effects

A

environment can affect the phenotype

59
Q

Skull form variation

A

environment can influence between-group variation in head shape

60
Q

Skin tone variation

A

skin pigmentation correlated with latitude and conversantly evolved

61
Q

Altitude adaptations

A

less oxygen goes into blood with increasing altitude, high altitude groups have larger chests and lung capacities, higher hemoglobin

62
Q

Cultural evolution (mechanisms)

A
63
Q

Cumulative culture

A

innovations are incorporated into population’s skills over time and built upon further

64
Q

Gene-culture co-evolution

A

genetic adaptations and cultural adaptations coexist and often work together to produce an outcome

65
Q

Social enhancement

A

observing others increases the chance that individuals will learn the behavior on their own

66
Q

Observational learning

A

individuals learn behavior by observing others

67
Q

Cultural transmission

A

cultural traits transmitted throughout life

68
Q

Conformity

A

changing behavior to meet socially accepted standards

69
Q

Sexual selection

A

natural selection through preference by one sex of characteristics of another sex

70
Q

Reproductive success

A

ability to mate and pass down genes to a future offspring

71
Q

Fitness

A

organisms’ ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment

72
Q

Bateman’s principles

A
  1. mating success influences reproductive success in males more than in females
  2. males vary more than females in how many mates they have
  3. males vary more than females in how many offspring they have
73
Q

Limits on reproductive success to different sexes

A

Females - resources
Males - availability of a mate

74
Q

Intersexual selection

A

favors traits that make one sex more attractive to the other (peacock feathers)

75
Q

Intersexual selection

A

favors traits that make individuals successful in competition with others (elk battling with antlers)

76
Q

Scramble competition

A

males increase mating success by getting access to females first

77
Q

Contest competition

A

males increase mating success by preventing other males from mating

78
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

difference in size or appearance between the sexes of an animal

79
Q

Sperm competition

A

results from scramble competition, sperm production and quality

80
Q

Altruism

A

being selfless for the well-being of others

81
Q

Coefficient of relatedness

A

measure of probability that two individuals share the same allele

82
Q

Hamilton’s rule

A

benefits to recipient (B) x coefficient of relatedness (r) >cost to actor

83
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

direct fitness (rs of an individual) + indirect fitness (impact individual has on the survival and reproduction of relatives)

84
Q

Natural selection works on level of individual (genes) or group?

A

both

85
Q

Naturalistic fallacy

A

just because you can, or you evolved a certain way, doesn’t mean you should

Fall Quarter 2023 Exam Prep (9 decks)

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