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Fall Quarter 2023 Exam Prep > ANT 001 Midterm > Flashcards

ANT 001 Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropology

A

holistic study of humans requiring time depth

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2
Q

2 Ultimate Explanations

A

adaptive and phylogenetic

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3
Q

Adaptive explanation

A

what is the function

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4
Q

Phylogenetic

A

what is the evolutionary history

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5
Q

Descriptive questions

A

questions with known answers

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6
Q

Prescriptive questions

A

questions with unknowable answers

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7
Q

Darwin’s 3 postulates

A

over-reproduction, individual variation affects success, variation inherited

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8
Q

Directional selection

A

natural selection favors individuals with traits that differ from the average, changes average

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9
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

natural selection favors the average, maintains status quo

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10
Q

Balancing selection

A

natural selection maintains genetic variation by favoring multiple alleles at a locus

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11
Q

True breeding lines

A

homozygous for a particular trait

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12
Q

Mendel’s laws

A

particles of inheritance segregate, independent assortment

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13
Q

independent assortment

A

alleles for different traits are independently inherited

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14
Q

Genes

A

unit of heredity transferred from parent to offspring

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15
Q

Non-synonymus mutations

A

mutations have a large effect on proteins

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16
Q

Synonymus mutations

A

mutations have no effect on proteins

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17
Q

Gene expression

A

the phenotype that is expressed based on the genotype

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18
Q

Mitosis

A

somatic cell division with same paired chromosomes

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19
Q

Meiosis

A

gamete cell division with one of each paired chromosome

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20
Q

Homozygous

A

two same alleles

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21
Q

Heterozygous

A

two different alleles

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22
Q

Codominance

A

heterozygotes have intermediate phenotypes

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23
Q

Linkage

A

genes on the same chromosome tend to stay together during meiosis

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24
Q

Recombination

A

chromosomes tangle and break during meiosis and bits can be swapped between paired chromosomes

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25
Q

Hardy-Weinberg relationship

A

after one generation of random mating an equilibrium for genotype frequencies is reached

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26
Q

Heritability

A

transmissible from parent to offspring

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27
Q

Plasticity

A

adaptability of an organism to changes in environment or habitat

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28
Q

Genetic evolution

A

change in the frequencies of alleles through time

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29
Q

4 Processes of Evolution

A

natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, gene flow

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30
Q

Mutation

A

change to DNA sequence

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31
Q

Genetic drift

A

change in allele frequencies in population that is finite in size

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32
Q

Gene flow

A

movement of genetic material from one population to another

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33
Q

Fixation

A

when frequency has reached 100% in a population

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34
Q

Karyotype

A

number and appearance of chromosomes in cell nuclei

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35
Q

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism

A

variation in a single base pair in a DNA sequence

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36
Q

Haplotypes

A

combination of alleles or sequence of SNPs that are inherited together

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37
Q

Selective sweeps

A

new advantageous mutation eliminates or reduces variation

38
Q

What does human evolutionary biology address?

A

how and why we evolved to look and behave as we do

39
Q

What can natural selection do?

A

change population average, keep populations the same, lead to loss of variation, sometimes maintain variation

40
Q

How does natural selection work?

A

produces complex adaptations through multiple incremental steps

41
Q

What constrains natural selection?

A

heritable variation

42
Q

What do Mendel and Hardy-Weinberg’s laws demonstrate?

A

variation can be maintained indefinitely with random mating

43
Q

What happens if non-random mating is used?

A

change genotype frequencies

44
Q

What produces continuous variation?

A

mendelian inheritance when multiple loci affect the phenotype, environmental interaction with genotype

45
Q

What can natural selection act on?

A

Single and multiple loci traits, morphology, behavior, and plasticity

46
Q

What do the neutral evolutionary processes do?

A

can differentiate populations, mutation and genetic drift tend to balance each other, drift means bigger populations will be more variable

47
Q

What happened when humans left Africa?

A

series of founder effects, which resulted in a decrease in within group genetic variation with distances from Africa

48
Q

Introns

A

noncoding parts of the RNA transcript

49
Q

Exons

A

coding parts of the RNA transcript

50
Q

What decides a phenotype?

A

environment + genes (environment X genes)

51
Q

Where is trait variation typically found?

A

trait variation is found more within groups than between groups

52
Q

Why do some traits vary between populations?

A

natural selection in different ecologies

53
Q

What does knowing someone’s race NOT do?

A

give representative information about their genotype or ancestry

54
Q

Social learning

A

learning through observation of other people’s behaviors

55
Q

Cumulative culture

A

process by which beneficial modifications are culturally transmitted and progressively accumulated over time

56
Q

Vertical transmission

A

parent to offspring

57
Q

Oblique transmission

A

from other older non- parents

58
Q

Horizontal transmission

A

from peers

59
Q

Social facilitation

A

observing others increases the chance that individuals will learn the behavior on their own

60
Q

Emulation

A

observe and copy end state but not process

61
Q

Observational learning

A

individuals learn behavior by observing others

62
Q

Difference between vertical vs. horizontal & oblique transmission?

A

vertical transmission typically increase fitness, while horizontal/oblique can reduce fitness

63
Q

What did cultural capacities do?

A
  1. genetically evolved and allowed us to spread across the earth
  2. allowed behavioral diversification across populations
64
Q

Can cultural practices influence genetic evolution?

A

yes

65
Q

Is there more cultural than genetic variation between groups?

A

yes

66
Q

Genetic distance

A

measure of how different two groups are

67
Q

Selective sweeps and variation

A

regions closer to the select locus are expected to be less variable

68
Q

Why do humans have so little genetic variation compared to great apes?

A

the human population was a lot smaller fairly recently in the past

69
Q

Why does within group variation decrease with distance from Africa?

A

groups further from Africa were the product of founding events and were founded more recently

70
Q

Why do genetic distances between groups increase with the geographic distances between them?

A

nearby groups split from each other more recently than far away groups

71
Q

What are some common misconceptions about race?

A

few categories, discontinuous variation, correlated with many genetic traits, defining traits are obvious, race = ancestry, permanent categories

72
Q

Continuous variation

A

different types of variation are distributed on a continuum (e.g. height, weight)

73
Q

Discontinuous variation

A

variation is in discrete, individual categories (e.g. blood type)

74
Q

How does natural selection produce seemingly harmful traits?

A

the environment includes others of the same species (sexual selection, cooperation)

75
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

two individuals combine their genetic material via the fusion of their gametes

76
Q

Do males or females have larger gametes?

A

Females

77
Q

What is reproductive success based on?

A

How long an individual survives, getting at least one mate, how many offspring are produced from each mating, whether the offspring survive to adulthood

78
Q

Strategies

A

sets of behaviors with a function

79
Q

Bateman’s principles

A
  1. Mating success influences reproductive success in males more than in females.
  2. Males vary more than females in how many mates they have.
  3. Males vary more than females in how many offspring they have.
80
Q

Naturalistic fallacy

A

genetic/evolved/natural does not necessarily mean “good” in a moral sense

81
Q

What limits females’ reproductive success?

A

resources (food, shelter, social support)

82
Q

What limits males’ reproductive success?

A

access to females

83
Q

Intersexual selection

A

favors traits that make one sex more attractive to others

84
Q

Intersexual selection

A

favors traits that make individuals successful in competition with others of the same sex

85
Q

Phenotypic benefits

A

traits affecting female survival, offspring survival,

86
Q

Genotypic benefits

A

males with “good” genes (color, display, condition)

87
Q

Arbitrary traits

A

female preference can co-evolve with arbitrary male traits

88
Q

What are females interested in regarding mating?

A

phenotypic benefits, genotypic benefits, arbitrary traits

89
Q

Contest competition

A

males increase mating success by preventing other males from mating

90
Q

Scramble competition

A

males increase mating success by getting access to females first

91
Q

Do males or females tend to have higher reproduction variance and stronger sexual selection?

A

males

Fall Quarter 2023 Exam Prep (9 decks)

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