ANT 001 Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
Anthropology
A
holistic study of humans requiring time depth
2
Q
2 Ultimate Explanations
A
adaptive and phylogenetic
3
Q
Adaptive explanation
A
what is the function
4
Q
Phylogenetic
A
what is the evolutionary history
5
Q
Descriptive questions
A
questions with known answers
6
Q
Prescriptive questions
A
questions with unknowable answers
7
Q
Darwin’s 3 postulates
A
over-reproduction, individual variation affects success, variation inherited
8
Q
Directional selection
A
natural selection favors individuals with traits that differ from the average, changes average
9
Q
Stabilizing selection
A
natural selection favors the average, maintains status quo
10
Q
Balancing selection
A
natural selection maintains genetic variation by favoring multiple alleles at a locus
11
Q
True breeding lines
A
homozygous for a particular trait
12
Q
Mendel’s laws
A
particles of inheritance segregate, independent assortment
13
Q
independent assortment
A
alleles for different traits are independently inherited
14
Q
Genes
A
unit of heredity transferred from parent to offspring
15
Q
Non-synonymus mutations
A
mutations have a large effect on proteins
16
Q
Synonymus mutations
A
mutations have no effect on proteins
17
Q
Gene expression
A
the phenotype that is expressed based on the genotype
18
Q
Mitosis
A
somatic cell division with same paired chromosomes
19
Q
Meiosis
A
gamete cell division with one of each paired chromosome
20
Q
Homozygous
A
two same alleles
21
Q
Heterozygous
A
two different alleles
22
Q
Codominance
A
heterozygotes have intermediate phenotypes
23
Q
Linkage
A
genes on the same chromosome tend to stay together during meiosis
24
Q
Recombination
A
chromosomes tangle and break during meiosis and bits can be swapped between paired chromosomes
25
Hardy-Weinberg relationship
after one generation of random mating an equilibrium for genotype frequencies is reached
26
Heritability
transmissible from parent to offspring
27
Plasticity
adaptability of an organism to changes in environment or habitat
28
Genetic evolution
change in the frequencies of alleles through time
29
4 Processes of Evolution
natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, gene flow
30
Mutation
change to DNA sequence
31
Genetic drift
change in allele frequencies in population that is finite in size
32
Gene flow
movement of genetic material from one population to another
33
Fixation
when frequency has reached 100% in a population
34
Karyotype
number and appearance of chromosomes in cell nuclei
35
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
variation in a single base pair in a DNA sequence
36
Haplotypes
combination of alleles or sequence of SNPs that are inherited together
37
Selective sweeps
new advantageous mutation eliminates or reduces variation
38
What does human evolutionary biology address?
how and why we evolved to look and behave as we do
39
What can natural selection do?
change population average, keep populations the same, lead to loss of variation, sometimes maintain variation
40
How does natural selection work?
produces complex adaptations through multiple incremental steps
41
What constrains natural selection?
heritable variation
42
What do Mendel and Hardy-Weinberg's laws demonstrate?
variation can be maintained indefinitely with random mating
43
What happens if non-random mating is used?
change genotype frequencies
44
What produces continuous variation?
mendelian inheritance when multiple loci affect the phenotype, environmental interaction with genotype
45
What can natural selection act on?
Single and multiple loci traits, morphology, behavior, and plasticity
46
What do the neutral evolutionary processes do?
can differentiate populations, mutation and genetic drift tend to balance each other, drift means bigger populations will be more variable
47
What happened when humans left Africa?
series of founder effects, which resulted in a decrease in within group genetic variation with distances from Africa
48
Introns
noncoding parts of the RNA transcript
49
Exons
coding parts of the RNA transcript
50
What decides a phenotype?
environment + genes (environment X genes)
51
Where is trait variation typically found?
trait variation is found more within groups than between groups
52
Why do some traits vary between populations?
natural selection in different ecologies
53
What does knowing someone's race NOT do?
give representative information about their genotype or ancestry
54
Social learning
learning through observation of other people's behaviors
55
Cumulative culture
process by which beneficial modifications are culturally transmitted and progressively accumulated over time
56
Vertical transmission
parent to offspring
57
Oblique transmission
from other older non- parents
58
Horizontal transmission
from peers
59
Social facilitation
observing others increases the chance that individuals will learn the behavior on their own
60
Emulation
observe and copy end state but not process
61
Observational learning
individuals learn behavior by observing others
62
Difference between vertical vs. horizontal & oblique transmission?
vertical transmission typically increase fitness, while horizontal/oblique can reduce fitness
63
What did cultural capacities do?
1. genetically evolved and allowed us to spread across the earth
2. allowed behavioral diversification across populations
64
Can cultural practices influence genetic evolution?
yes
65
Is there more cultural than genetic variation between groups?
yes
66
Genetic distance
measure of how different two groups are
67
Selective sweeps and variation
regions closer to the select locus are expected to be less variable
68
Why do humans have so little genetic variation compared to great apes?
the human population was a lot smaller fairly recently in the past
69
Why does within group variation decrease with distance from Africa?
groups further from Africa were the product of founding events and were founded more recently
70
Why do genetic distances between groups increase with the geographic distances between them?
nearby groups split from each other more recently than far away groups
71
What are some common misconceptions about race?
few categories, discontinuous variation, correlated with many genetic traits, defining traits are obvious, race = ancestry, permanent categories
72
Continuous variation
different types of variation are distributed on a continuum (e.g. height, weight)
73
Discontinuous variation
variation is in discrete, individual categories (e.g. blood type)
74
How does natural selection produce seemingly harmful traits?
the environment includes others of the same species (sexual selection, cooperation)
75
Sexual reproduction
two individuals combine their genetic material via the fusion of their gametes
76
Do males or females have larger gametes?
Females
77
What is reproductive success based on?
How long an individual survives, getting at least one mate, how many offspring are produced from each mating, whether the offspring survive to adulthood
78
Strategies
sets of behaviors with a function
79
Bateman's principles
1. Mating success influences reproductive success in males more than in females.
2. Males vary more than females in how many mates they have.
3. Males vary more than females in how many offspring they have.
80
Naturalistic fallacy
genetic/evolved/natural does not necessarily mean "good" in a moral sense
81
What limits females' reproductive success?
resources (food, shelter, social support)
82
What limits males' reproductive success?
access to females
83
Intersexual selection
favors traits that make one sex more attractive to others
84
Intersexual selection
favors traits that make individuals successful in competition with others of the same sex
85
Phenotypic benefits
traits affecting female survival, offspring survival,
86
Genotypic benefits
males with "good" genes (color, display, condition)
87
Arbitrary traits
female preference can co-evolve with arbitrary male traits
88
What are females interested in regarding mating?
phenotypic benefits, genotypic benefits, arbitrary traits
89
Contest competition
males increase mating success by preventing other males from mating
90
Scramble competition
males increase mating success by getting access to females first
91
Do males or females tend to have higher reproduction variance and stronger sexual selection?
males
