PSC 041 Exam 2

Question 1

Reliability

Answer 1

trustworthiness or consistency of a measure

Question 2

Validity

Answer 2

variable accurately measures the construct it is trying to measure

Question 3

Questions participants might not know the answer to

Answer 3

unlikely or unable to provide an accurate response

Question 4

Leading or loaded questions

Answer 4

presumes something before the question that could bias the answer

Question 5

Double barreled questions

Answer 5

more than one answer or taps into different constructs

Question 6

Double negatives

Answer 6

confusing and likely to be misinterpreted

Question 7

Confusing or ambiguous wording

Answer 7

include words that can be interpreted differently by people

Question 8

Yeah-saying and nay-saying

Answer 8

always answering questions the same way

Question 9

Social desirability

Answer 9

give answers that are likely to be socially approved

Question 10

Faking bad

Answer 10

questions participants want to score high or low on even though they are perceived as negative (often to get diagnosed)

Question 11

Test-retest

Answer 11

take measurements at two time points

Question 12

Parallel forms

Answer 12

take two equivalent but not identical tests at the same time point

Question 13

Split-half

Answer 13

measure of consistency split in two and scores for each half of the test

Question 14

Self-observation

Answer 14

report personal behaviors in real time

Question 15

Controlled or naturalistic observations

Answer 15

behaviors are coded by hidden observers

Question 16

Selection effect

Answer 16

unequal groups to begin with (differences in participant variables)

Question 17

Maturation effect

Answer 17

changes due to time spent in the experiment (growing, fatigue, hunger)

Question 18

Testing effect

Answer 18

changes due to measuring the outcome variable more than once (practice, exposure)

Question 19

Mortality effect (attrition)

Answer 19

differences in groups due to some people dropping out

Question 20

History effect

Answer 20

changes due to something in the external world (national holidays, natural disasters, etc.)

Question 21

Extraneous variables

Answer 21

variables apart from the IV that could influence the outcome

Question 22

Extraneous noise

Answer 22

when confounds affect everyone equally

Question 23

Between group design

Answer 23

each participant experiences one level of the independent variable (everyone orders 1 thing off the menu)

Question 24

Within group design

Answer 24

each particpant experiences all levels of the independent variable (everyone orders off the menu and it is shared family style)

Question 25

Matched pairs procedure

Answer 25

ensure that potentially confounding differences are evenly spread out across the groups

Question 26

Order effect

Answer 26

the order of presenting the treatments affects the dependent variable

Question 27

Counterbalancing

Answer 27

controlling for order effects in a repeated measure design by either including all orders of treatment or by randomly determining the order for each subject

Question 28

When would you choose between groups design?

Answer 28

if participating in one condition makes it impossible to participate in the other

Question 29

Why would you choose within group design?

Answer 29

if you want to reduce the effects of individual differences

Question 30

Main effect

Answer 30

the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable, averaging over the levels of the other independent variable(s)