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ANTHRO 213 > ANTHRO 213 Exam 1 > Flashcards

ANTHRO 213 Exam 1 Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Anthropology

A

study of human knowledge (our culture, society, etc.) – it is holistic, comparative, and dynamic

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2
Q

Cultural Anthropology

A

study of LEARNED aspects of human behavior (different cultures; how humans have adapted to each other and the environment)

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3
Q

Ethnography

A

detailed study/description of human learned behavior

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4
Q

Culture

A

religions, foods, relationships, music, clothing, etc

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5
Q

Cultural Relativity

A

suspending one’s personal judgement in order to understand and appreciate another’s culture

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6
Q

Archaeology

A

study of earlier cultures and lifestyles through recovery, analysis and interpretation of MATERIAL REMAINS from past societies

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7
Q

Linguistic Anthropology

A

study of human speech and language (exp. origin of languages and dialects, language acquisition, etc.)

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8
Q

Biological Anthropology

A

study of human/primate biology (explains what it means to be biological human, a primate, etc.)

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9
Q

Human evolution

A

study of the emergence of humans as a distinct species; how we came to be a distinct genetic population sharing the same genes

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10
Q

Paleoanthropology

A

like anthropology except the focus is on “old humans”

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11
Q

Biocultural adaptation

A

mutual, interactive evolution of human biology and culture (our interaction with environment that prompts change in us)

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12
Q

Primatology

A

biology and behavior of non-human primates (behavioral studies, conservation, etc.)

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13
Q

Paleopathology

A

study of diseases/trauma in archaeological remains; look at how disease spread and affected the body to help with modern diseases

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14
Q

Molecular Anthropology

A

investigate evolutionary relationships between human populations as well as between humans and nonhuman primates; involves population genetics, ancient DNA (from fossils), and forensic implications

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15
Q

Forensic Anthropology

A

application of anthropological methods to legal issues (exp. work with coroners and others to identify and analyze human remains)

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16
Q

Steps of Scientific Method

A

observation (of the natural world)
hypothesis formation
hypothesis testing
theory development

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17
Q

Hypothesis vs Theory

A

hypothesis – provisional and untested explanation of phenomenon
theory – statement of scientific relationships/principles that has been verified through testing of hypotheses

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18
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

viewing other cultures from the inherently biased perspective of one’s own culture;; often causes other cultures to be seen as inferior to one’s own

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19
Q

Fixity of species

A

idea that all life on earth was created by God as they exist and life can not chnage with time

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20
Q

Reproductive Isolation

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A

what a species is defined as; people of the same species can mate together and produce fertile offspring

21
Q

Taxonomy

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A

science concerned with classification, specifically of organisms

22
Q

Binomial nomenclature

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A

“two names” – used in taxonomy where genus and species names are used to refer to living things (exp. homo sapiens)

23
Q

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

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A

aka theory of use and disuse; idea that organisms can pass on physical traits they acquired through their lifetime to their offspring (giraffe stretching neck throughout life leading to giraffes having longer necks overtime example)

24
Q

Catastrophism

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A

theory that earth’s geographical features come from major cataclysmic events (flood, volcanic eruptions, etc.)

25
Uniformitarianism
theory that earth's geological features are the result of gradual, long-term precesses (wind, water, erosion, etc.) that continue to operate in present just as they did in the past
26
Natural selection
most critical mechanism of evolutionary change; genetic change or change in the frequency of certain traits in populations due to different reproductive successes between individuals
27
Principles of natural selection (8)
1. there is biological variation in all species 2. the number of offspring are greater than food supplies 3. competition -- limited resources there is competition; creating a challenge where favorable traits are needed to survive 4. greater fitness (have favorable traits, like speed or resistance to disease) = survive and reproduce 5. environment determines what is beneficial 6. traits are inherited and passed on 7. successful variations accumulate in a population making later generations distinct from ancestors 8.geographical isolation contributes to new species
28
Artificial Selection
humans specifically organizing the breeding between two organisms to have certain traits/features (has nothing to do with being a result of change overtime due to environment)
29
Fitness
ability to live and pass on your genes (survive and reproduce)
30
Reproductive success
number of offspring an individual produces and rears to reproductive age, or individuals' genetic contribution to next generation
31
Selective agent
32
Selective pressure
forces in the environment that influence reproductive success in individuals
33
Sexual selection
type of natural selection; operates on only one sex within a species; result of competition for mates and can lead to sexual dimorphism with regard to traits
34
Genetics
how genes work, how traits are passed down, and how variation is produced
35
Organelles
structures within a living cell (nucleus – contains genetic info that controls cell function, DNA, RNA, etc.; ribosomes – sites of protein synthesis; mitochondria – produce energy)
36
Nucleus
contains genetic info (like chromosomes) that controls cell function, DNA, RNA, etc
37
DNA
two chains of nucleotides; double-stranded molecule that contains genetic code, carries infor needed for cellular function; substance of heredity
38
mtDNA
mitochondrial DNA; DNA found in the mitochondria and inherited only from the mother
39
Somatic cells
all the cells in the body except the ones involved in reproduction; directs cell activity; contains 46 chromosomes
40
Gametes
reproductive cells (eggs and sperm in animals); transmits genetic information; contains 23 chromosomes (one set of chromosomes from each parent to combine and create new
41
Nucleotide
basic units of the DNA molecule; made up of 3 components: a sugar, a phosphate, and one of the 4 DNA bases – C, G, T, or A)
42
DNA replication
happens constantly in the body as cells die out and new cells replace them; cells copying its DNA before cell division
43
Denaturation
enzymes break apart bonds between bases; separated the two previously joined strands of nucleotides and leaving the bases exposed
44
Annealing
exposed bases attract their complementary unattached DNA nucleotides; they pair with the same bases they were with previously (just a new one)
45
Extension
previous standing copy replaced by exact copy and the replication is complete
46
Protein synthesis
takes place outside of the nucleus; manufacture of proteins – assembly of amino acids into functional protein molecules; directed by DNA
47
RNA
single-stranded and different sugar and base (uracil instead of T (thymine) than in DNA; essential to protein synthesis
48
mRNA
messenger RNA; carries the DNA code through the nucleus membrane to the ribosome during protein synthesis
49
tRNA
transfer RNA; binds to specific amino acids and transports them to the ribosome during protein synthesis

ANTHRO 213 (6 decks)

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