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ANTHRO 213 > ANTHRO 213 Exam 1 PART 2 > Flashcards

ANTHRO 213 Exam 1 PART 2 Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Transcription

A

first step of protein synthesis; copy DNA code into mRNA because DNA molecule can’t leave the nucleus

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2
Q

Translation

A

converts mRNA sequence into amino acids; tRNA assist in the assembly of proteins by bringing amino acid to ribosome where it joins with another amino acid according to the sequence the mRNA calls for and forms a molecule that will either be a protein or part of a protein

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3
Q

Uracil vs. thymine

A

uracil is the replacement for Thymine in RNA molecules; they both combine to A (Adedine); uracil facilitates instructions to leave nucleus and make its way to ribosomes)

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4
Q

Gene

A

sequence of DNA bases that specifies the order of amino acids in a protein

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5
Q

Regulatory genes

A

genes that act solely to control the expression of other genes; can turn certain genes on and off at different parts of life

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6
Q

Homeobox (hox genes)

A

type of regulatory gene; directs the development of the overall body plan and segmentation of body tissue (dictates where arms go, positioning of facial features, etc.); exists in same construction in many different species

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7
Q

Diploid

A

identical daughter cell after mitosis; has two full sets of chromosomes

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8
Q

Haploid

A

4 daughter cells after meiosis; one incomplete set of chromosomes

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9
Q

Mutation

A

change in DNA; change in DNA bases as well as changes in chromosome number and/or structure

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10
Q

Chromatin

A

loose form of DNA; mixture of DNA and proteins that form chromosomes

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11
Q

Chromosome

A

discrete structures composed of DNA and proteins; condensed DNA

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12
Q

Autosome

A

all chromosomes except for sex chromosomes; has genetic info for physical characteristics (except sex determination); 22 pairs in humans = 44 in total

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13
Q

Sex chromosome

A

X and Y chromosomes; governs sex determination; 2 chromosomes (XX or XY)

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14
Q

Mitosis

A

simple cell division; process by which somatic cells divide into two identical daughter cells (diploids)

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15
Q

Meiosis

A

cell division in ovaries and testes (reproductive organs); involves 2 divisions and results in 4 daughter cells, each contain only half the DNA/original number of chromosomes (haploids)

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16
Q

Recombination

A

exchange of genetic material between paired chromosomes during meiosis; important sources of genetic variation

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17
Q

Random assortment

A

randomly separating chromosomes during meiosis; chromosomes independently separate from one another creating genetic variation

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18
Q

Nondisjunction

A

failure of chromosome strands to separate completely during cell division; failure with meiosis

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19
Q

Dominant

A

trait expressed in the presence of a different allele (i.e., in heterozygotes will be the traits physically expressed despite the presence of another allele)

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20
Q

Recessive

A

trait not expressed in the presence of a dominant trait; traits that isn’t expressed in heterozygotes; needs 2 copies of recessive allele in order to have the trait

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21
Q

Principle of Segregation

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A

one of Mendel’s principles; genes have two alleles (bb, BB, or Bb) and when gametes are forming during meiosis this principle states that these alleles separate so each gamete can contain an allele (exp. in the case of a heterozygous gene – one gamete will have an B while the other has a b); you only contribute one allele as a parent, not both

22
Q

Principle of Independent Assortment

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A

one of Mendel’s principles; states that the emergence of one trait will not affect the emergence of another (exp. an animal’s hair color is unrelated to its tail length; the traits are inherited independently)

23
Q

Homozygous

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A

having the same allele at the same locus on both chromosomes (TT or tt)

24
Q

Heterozygous

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A

having different alleles at the same locus (Tt)

25
Genotype
genetic makeup of an individual/direct reading of genes
26
Phenotype
observable or detectable physical characteristics of organism/detectable expression of a genotype
27
Genotype/phenotype ratio
genotype ratio: ratio of gene combinations in an offspring (exp. In the case of two flowers with Bb alleles – BB:Bb:bb = 1:2:1) phenotype ratio: ratio of visible characteristics in offspring (exp. Purple:white = 3:1)
28
Mendellian traits
traits passed down through generations based on the dominant and recessive alleles of one gene; traits of simple inheritance (pattern of inheritance where a single gene controls a trait)
29
Codominance
expression of two alleles in heterozygotes; neither allele is dominant or recessive and the both influence phenotype (exp, AB blood types – people express both blood types rather than one dominating the other)
30
Pedigree chart
diagram of mating and offspring in a family over span of generations; shows way traits (usually mendelian) are passed across generations
31
Polygenic
multiple genes influence the phenotype (exp. Stature, skin color, eye color, hair color, etc.); many polygenic traits can be influenced by environmental factors (sunlight, nutrition, etc.)
32
Pleiotropy
one gene influences more than 1 phenotype (exp. Down syndrome (an extra chromosome) can affect brain development, facial structure, etc.)
33
Allele
alternate forms of a gene; occur in same locus on paired chromosomes and thus govern same trait, but because they’re different, their action may result in different expression of that trait
34
Microevolution
shift in number of people who have a certain trait within a species (change is allele frequency)
35
Macroevolution
changes happening after many generations (such as the appearance of a new species or the extinction of one)
36
Gene flow
exchange of genes between populations; humans can do that easily with the various travel methods we have
37
Genetic drift
change in allele/gene frequency due to chance/random factors in a small population
38
Founder effect
type of genetic drift; small population leaves parent population, establishing a new population and leading to a different genetic makeup amongst this new population
39
Hybrid
offspring of parents (siblings) who differ from each other in regard to certain traits; aka heterozygotes (have two diff alleles allowing offspring to vary)
40
Locus
location on chromosome where a given gene occurs
41
Evolution
change in allele/gene frequency from on generation to the next (doesn’t mean a certain trait goes away completely)
42
Red queen hypothesis
the predator and prey must be constantly evolving to avoid extinction; evolution can never stop, if other things in environment are changing everything else has to change as well to stay alive
43
Homologies
similarities between organisms based on descent from a common ancestor; product of shared evolutionary ancestry (exp. Forelimbs of vertebrates: bat’s wing, human arm, whale flipper and dog leg)
44
Analogies
similarities between organisms based strictly on common function – no assumed common evolutionary descent (exp. Bats and butterflies both have wings; NOT based on shared evolutionary ancestry but because of similar environmental needs)
45
Ancestral
traits shared across evolutionary history; trait inherited from common ancestor and has remained relatively unchanged over time
46
Derived
trait that has shifted from ancestral history and distinguishing them from their ancestors and related species (exp. Horses evolved to have hooves despite descending from same common ancestor of humans and other mammals that had five digits – due to it being better fit for their environment)
47
Phylogenetic tree
diagram ancestor/descendant relationships; shows how organisms are related through evolution
48
Sexual dimorphism
variation between biological sexes in a species
49
Intraspecific
genetic variation within a species
50
Interspecific
genetic variation across different species
51
Dental formula
describes pattern of teeth in a quarter of the mouth
52
Continental drift
theory that earth’s continents were once joined as a single landmass and have since moved apart from their original positions; earth's continents move/drift relative to each other over time

ANTHRO 213 (6 decks)

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