ANTHRO 213 Exam 2

Question 1

Prehensile

Answer 1

ability to grasp; derived trait in hands (and sometimes feet) that primates have

Question 2

Opposable thumb

Answer 2

thumbs that can be moved independently from other fingers on hand, allowing it to touch tips of the other fingers on the hand; primates have this along with (in many cases) a divergent big toe

Question 3

Omnivorous

Answer 3

having a diet of many food types (plants, meat, insects, etc); trait of primates

Question 4

Olfaction

Answer 4

sense of smell; most primates rely less on this and more on vision (due to evolutionary factors)

Question 5

Nocturnal

Answer 5

active during night

Question 6

Stereoscopic vision

Question 7

Binocular vision

Question 8

Arboreal

Answer 8

tree living; adapted to life in the trees; most primates are this

Question 9

Dental formula

Answer 9

numerical device indicating number of each type of tooth in each quadrant of mouth

Question 10

Grade vs clade

Question 11

Quadrupedal

Answer 11

using all 4 limbs to support the body during locomotion; the basic primate form of locomotion

Question 12

Brachiation

Answer 12

arm swinging; form of locomotion used by some primates; involves hanging from a branch and moving by alternately swinging from one arm to another

Question 13

Rhinarium

Answer 13

moist, hairless pad at the end of the nose seen in most mammals; enhances animal’s ability to smell

Question 14

Diurnal

Answer 14

active during the day; what most primates are

Question 15

Behavioral ecology

Answer 15

focuses on relationship between individuals, social behaviors, and environment (all of it evolves together; behaviors and behavioral patterns have been favored because they increase reproductive fitness in specific environments

Question 16

Life history traits

Answer 16

characteristics and developmental stages that influence reproductive rates; exps. longevity, age at sexual maturity, length of time between births, etc.

Question 17

Strategies

Answer 17

a product of natural selection; behaviors that increase reproductive success; they influence structure and dynamic of social groups; exp. predator avoidance

Question 18

Sympatric

Answer 18

occurring in same geographical range; sympatric species are 2 or more species whose habitats overlap

Question 19

Conspecifics

Answer 19

members of the same species

Question 20

Dominance hierarchies

Answer 20

systems of social organization where individuals are ranked relative to one another; higher-ranking animals have greater access to preferred food items and mating partners

Question 21

Communication

Answer 21

any act that conveys info to another individual; not always deliberate rather a result of involuntary processes

Question 22

Displays

Answer 22

sequences of repetitious behaviors that serve to communicate emotional states; most commonly associated with reproductive and agonistic behavior in NHP; exps. chest slapping in gorillas

Question 23

Grooming

Answer 23

removing dirt or insects from each other; common amongst primates and reinforces social relationships

Question 24

Reproductive strategies

Answer 24

behaviors that are favorable to increase reproductive success

Question 25

K-selected

Answer 25

reproductive strategy where individuals produce fewer offspring with increased parental care

Question 26

R-selected

Answer 26

reproductive strategy with large numbers of offspring and reduced parental care

Question 27

Alloparenting

Answer 27

taking care of offspring not directly related to you

Question 28

Natal group

Answer 28

group where animals are born and raised

Question 29

Affiliative

Answer 29

interactions that reinforce social bonds and encourage group cohesion (exp. grooming)

Question 30

One male - multifemale

Answer 30

most common primate social group; single adult male and several adult females; females stay w/in population while males leave; exp. gorilla and guenons

Question 31

Multimale - multifemale

Answer 31

several adult males and several adult females; females stay w/in population while males leave; exp. macaques, baboons, chimpanzees

Question 32

Monogamous pairing

Answer 32

mated pair and its young; there’s a reduction of sexual dimorphism in these groups due to them not having sex as much; exp. cotton-top tamarins, gibbons

Question 33

Polyandry

Answer 33

one female and two males; males engage in more infant care; exp. marmosets

Question 34

Solitary

Answer 34

least common primate social group; tend to be smaller in size; forage for food by themselves; only meet up with others to mate; exp. nocturnal prosimians, aye-ayes, lorises