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ANTHRO 213 > ANTHRO 213 Exam 2 (ALL TERMS) > Flashcards

ANTHRO 213 Exam 2 (ALL TERMS) Flashcards

(110 cards)

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1
Q

Intraspecific variation

A

variation within a species

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2
Q

Interspecific variation

A

variation across different species

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3
Q

Prehensile

A

ability to grasp; derived trait in hands (and sometimes feet) that primates have

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4
Q

Opposable digit/thumb (hallux)

A

thumbs that can be moved independently from other fingers on hand; primates have this along with (in many cases) a divergent big toe

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5
Q

Omnivorous

A

having a diet of many food types (plants, meat, insects, etc); trait of primates

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6
Q

Diurnal

A

active during the day; what most primates are

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7
Q

Olfaction

A

sense of smell; most primates rely less on this and more on vision (due to evolutionary factors)

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8
Q

Nocturnal

A

active during night

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9
Q

Stereoscopic vision

A

ability to perceive objects in three dimensions; quality of primates

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10
Q

Binocular vision

A

overlapping visual fields; ability of 2 eyes to create single, 3D image; helps make stereoscopic vision possible

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11
Q

Arboreal

A

tree living; adapted to life in the trees; most primates are this

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12
Q

Dental formula

A

numerical device indicating number of each type of tooth in each quadrant of mouth; humans: 2.1.2.3 (incisors, canine, premolars, molars) – ancestral: 3.1.4.3; new world monkey: 2.1.3.3

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13
Q

Quadrupedal

A

using all 4 limbs to support the body during locomotion; the basic primate form of locomotion; can be arboreal or terrestrial

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14
Q

Brachiation

A

arm swinging; form of locomotion used by some primates; involves hanging from a branch and moving by alternately swinging from one arm to another; primates that use these form of locomotion usually have longer arms than legs

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15
Q

Rhinarium

A

moist, hairless pad at the end of the nose seen in most mammals; enhances animal’s ability to smell; haplorhines don’t have them

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16
Q

Dental comb

A

set of teeth in some mammals that are arranged to resemble a hair comb; more common in Strepsirhines vs Haplorhines

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17
Q

Anthropoids

A

one of two main suborders in the traditional taxonomy of primates (based on physical similarities); includes apes, monkeys, and humans

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18
Q

Prosimians

A

one of two main suborders in the traditional taxonomy of primates (based on physical similarities); includes tarsiers, lemurs, lorises

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19
Q

Catarrhines

A

under Anthropoids in traditional taxonomy of primates; includes old world apes, monkeys, and humans

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20
Q

Platyhrrines

A

under Anthropoids in traditional taxonomy of primates; includes new world apes, monkeys, and humans

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21
Q

Strepsirhines

A

one of two main suborders in the revised taxonomy of primates (based on derived features); includes lemurs and lorises

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22
Q

Haplorhines

A

one of two main suborders in the revised taxonomy of primates (based on derived features); includes tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans

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23
Q

Hominoids

A

humans, our ancestors, great apes, and lesser apes (gibbons, siamangs); some characteristics: larger body size, no tail, more complex behavior, more complex brain and cognition

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24
Q

Hominid

A

humans, our ancestors, great apes (chimps. gorilla, orangutan)

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25
Hominin
humans and our direct ancestors
26
Postorbital bar
bony ring around your eye socket
27
Behavioral Ecology
focuses on relationship between individuals, social behaviors, and environment (all of it evolves together; behaviors and behavioral patterns have been favored because they increase reproductive fitness in specific environments
28
Life history traits
characteristics and developmental stages that influence reproductive rates; exps. longevity, age at sexual maturity, length of time between births, etc.
29
Strategies
a product of natural selection; behaviors that increase reproductive success; they influence structure and dynamic of social groups; exp. predator avoidance
30
Sympatric
occurring in same geographical range; sympatric species are 2 or more species whose habitats overlap
31
Conspecifics
members of the same species
32
Dominance hierarchies
systems of social organization where individuals are ranked relative to one another; higher-ranking animals have greater access to preferred food items and mating partners
33
Communication
any act that conveys info to another individual; not always deliberate rather a result of involuntary processes
34
Displays
sequences of repetitious behaviors that serve to communicate emotional states; most commonly associated with reproductive and agonistic behavior in NHP; exps. chest slapping in gorillas
35
Grooming
removing dirt or insects from each other; common amongst primates and reinforces social relationships
36
Reproductive strategies
behaviors that are favorable to increase reproductive success
37
Sexual selection
38
K-selected
reproductive strategy where individuals produce fewer offspring with increased parental care
39
R-selected
reproductive strategy with large numbers of offspring and reduced parental care
40
Alloparenting
taking care of offspring not directly related to you
41
Natal group
group where animals are born and raised
42
Affiliative
interactions that reinforce social bonds and encourage group cohesion (exp. grooming)
43
One male - multifemale
most common primate social group; single adult male and several adult females; females stay w/in population while males leave; exp. gorilla and guenons
44
Multimale - multifemale
several adult males and several adult females; females stay w/in population while males leave; exp. macaques, baboons, chimpanzees
45
Monogamous pairing
mated pair and its young; there’s a reduction of sexual dimorphism in these groups due to them not having sex as much; exp. cotton-top tamarins, gibbons
46
Polyandry
one female and two males; males engage in more infant care; exp. marmosets
47
Solitary
least common primate social group; tend to be smaller in size; forage for food by themselves; only meet up with others to mate; exp. nocturnal prosimians, aye-ayes, lorises
48
Encephalization
proportional size of the brain relative to some estimate of overall body size (such as weight); refers to increases in brain size beyond what would be expected given body size
49
Relative vs absolute size
relative: size of something compared to another something; absolute: actual, fixed size of something
50
Allometry
study of the relationship between the size and shape of things
51
Social brain hypothesis
hypothesis on why our brains are so big; proposes large brains evolved to manage complex social relationships within a group
52
Meat eating hypothesis
hypothesis on why our brains are so big; idea that eating meat was a key factor in human evolution and accounts for our large brains (more energy for brain development)
53
Language
arbitrary written/spoken/visualized symbols
54
Hemisphere
one of two halves of the cerebrum (large rounded outer portion of brain)
55
Broca’s area
region of brain implicated in speech production
56
Wernicke’s area
region of brain that plays crucial role in language comprehension and processing
57
Anthropocentrism
human-centric; belief in human supremacy; want to avoid this
58
Examples of NHP culture
japanese macaques (sweet potato washing); chimpanzees (termite “fishing”); bonobo (modifying stone tools)
59
Altruism
organism acts in a way that helps other organism at the expense of itself
60
Reciprocal altruism
behavioral strategy where organism temporarily reduces fitness to benefit another expecting that organism will eventually reciprocate
61
Kin selection
form of natural selection where organism behaves in a way that benefits relatives, even if it comes at the cost of personal reproductive success (altruism)
62
Group selection
theory that natural selection acts on groups of organisms, rather than individuals or genes (according to the fitness – survival and reproductive success – of groups)
63
Sagittal suture
dense fibrous connective tissue between two bones at top of skull
64
Foramen magnum
large opening at bottom of skull where spinal cord attaches
65
Sagittal/nuchal crest
ridge of bone that runs down middle of cranium like short mohawk; serves as attachment for large temporal muscles that indicate strong chewing
66
Os coxa
pelvic bone or hip bone; ilium is a part of it and it's the upper part of bone you can feel; distance between ilium determine how wide or narrow your pelvis is
67
Sacrum
large triangular bone near base of spine
68
Coccyx
bone at very bottom of spine
69
Ribs
part of thorax; 12 pairs of ribs; protects vital organs (heart, lungs) and assists breathing; the Thoracic vertebrae connects to it
70
Cervical vertebrae
first 7 vertebrae in spinal column; in the neck region
71
Thoracic vertebrae
middle section of spine; connects to ribs
72
Lumbar vertebrae
near the bottom of spine; bones that make up lower back; above the sacrum
73
Y-5
molar with 5 cusps (raised points) that forms a Y shape; characteristic of hominoids
74
Bilophodont
molars with 4 cusps (raised points); characteristic of old world monkeys
75
Diastema
gap between two teeth
76
Prognathism
dental condition where lower jaw (mandible) protrudes forward past the upper jaw
77
Supraorbital torus
bony ridge that extends past eye sockets; females have less pronounced/absent one while males have a more pronounced one
78
Sub-pubic angle
angle formed at bottom of pelvis; females have wider angles
79
Sciatic notch
bony indentation in hip bone that allows nerves, blood vessels, and tendons to pass into thigh; females have a wider one than males
80
Valgus angle
joint or bone is angled outward away from midline of body; creating “knock-knee” appearance; bidepal adpaptation to human anatomy
81
Plesiadapiforms
primate-like mammals; not true primates yet but were mammals that began to demonstrate primate features; now extinct
82
Plesiadapids
type of Plesiadapiforms; most successful Plesiadapiform in terms of how long we see evidence for them is fossil record; chipmunk sized with a diet of leaves and fruit
83
Carpolestids
type of Plesiadapiforms; mouse-rat sized; diet: vegetation, nuts, insects; had nails (a derived feature that mostly primates have) rather than claws
84
Euprimates
“true primates”; during the time of these we saw a extinction of Plesiadapiform groups and were replaced with euprimates; have more modern and derived features (forward-facing eyes, postorbital bar, nails, opposable big toe)
85
Adapodeia
branch of euprimates; leads to modern day strepsirrhines; lemur-like; diurnal, quadrupedal leapers (longer legs); diet of fruit
86
Omomyoidea
branch of euprimates; leads to modern day haplorhines; diurnal; arbreal; diet of fruit
87
Ischial callosities
characteristics of Eastern hemisphere monkeys/catarrhines; thick skin on butt that some primates have to help them comfortably sit in trees
88
Ape-like monkeys
Y-5 molar pattern, evidence of sagittal crest; big body size range; locomotion diversity
89
Proconsul
type of ape-like monkey; has no tail
90
Pliopithecus
type of ape-like monkey; had tails
91
Olduvai Gorge
92
Artifacts
objects or materials made or modified for use by hominins; earliest artifacts are usually stone tools
93
Taphonomy
study of how bones/material came to be buried in earth and preserved as fossils
94
Fossils
preserved remains/traces of an animal, plant, or organism of the past; not a perfect depiction
95
Chronometric dating
dating technique that gives an estimate in actual numbers of years; aka absolute dating
96
Stratigraphy
study of sequential layering of deposits; type of relative dating
97
Principle of superposition
relevant to stratigraphy; idea that the lower layers were deposited before the upper layers, in other words stuff on top is most recent
98
Half-life
amount of time it takes for half of a radioactive substance to decay into another form; type of absolute/chronometric dating
99
C-14
half life dating; determine age by measuring amount of Carbon-14 remaining in a sample, which decays at a known rate
100
K/Ar
half life dating; determines age of things by measuring ratio of potassium (K) to argon (Ar) within the thing
101
Ar/Ar
half life dating; determine age by measuring ratio of radioactive argon isotopes
102
Biostratigraphy
relative dating technique; essentially stratigraphy but you use fossil evidence within the rock to determine relative age of deposits
103
Flake
thin-edged fragment removed from core; relevant to tool making
104
Core
stone reduced by flake removal; used in tool-making and sometimes used as a tool itself
105
Lithic technology
stone tool technology
106
Direct percussion
striking core or flake with hammerstone; early form of lithic technology; exp. Unifacial (one sharp side, one blunted side)
107
Fossilization process
1. Get buried; 2. Mineralization: parts of animal/plant transform into stone like structure ; hard tissues impregnated by other minerals; takes a long time
108
Bipedalism hypotheses
hypotheses on why humans are bipedal unlike most other primates
109
Mosaic evolution
pattern where the rate of evolution for one part of organism is different than rate for another (exp. the rate at which dental system evolved is different than evolution of locomotor system); and these rates are slow and over time
110
Bipedal adaptations
ways human anatomy has adapted to bipedalism;

ANTHRO 213 (6 decks)

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