Antibiotic resistance

Question 1

what are the two ways that acquired resistance can occur?

Answer 1

Mutation and clonal expression ( spotatneous)

Transferable resistance

Question 2

How does transferable resistance occur?

Answer 2

Sharing of genetic material is a much faster means of spreading resistance genes than spontaneous mutation

Question 3

What are the different mechansims of resistance

Answer 3

Altered target site for the antimicrobial
Enzymatic degradation of antimicrobial agents
Alteration of uptake of output of antimicrobial agents

Question 4

What does the enzyme betalactamase

Answer 4

enzyme which hydrolyses the beta lactam ring

mode by bacteria to protect itself against a beta lactam antibiotic

Question 5

what is the mechanism of resistance for Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus MRSA

Answer 5

altered target site

Question 6

What is the mechanism of resistance for Gylcopeptide Resistant Enterococcus (GRE)

Answer 6

altered target site

Question 7

what is the mechamis of resistance of Carbapenemase Producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE)

Answer 7

enzymatic degradation

Question 8

what is the mechanism of resitance for Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR- TB)-

Answer 8

intrinsic and acquired through mutation

Question 9

how is MRSA resistant

Answer 9

MEC A gene mutation
altered penicillin binding protein
beta lactams fail to bind
creates MRSA phenotype

Question 10

how is GRE resistant

Answer 10

glycopeptides bind to the peptidoglycan precursor molecule and prevent their incorporation into the cell wall

altered precursor molecule prevent the glycopeptide from binding

can be endemic in healthcare environments

Question 11

what is carbapenase

Answer 11

an Enzyme made by an Enterobacteriaceae that destroys these antibiotics

Question 12

how are pseaudomonas aeruginose resistant

Answer 12

Intrinsic resistance

highly adaptable

Question 13

how is myobacterium TB

Answer 13

intrinsic resistance duet to part lipid cell wall
rapidly develops resistance on treatment
slow growing organism

Question 14

What does the CD4 t-helper lymphocyte do

Answer 14

central in immune response to TB - infected and depleted by HIV

Question 15

What kind of patients are likely to get infections involving antibiotic resistance

Answer 15

Exposure to healthcare - those with chronic conditions

Exposure to antibiotics - chronic infective conditions