Antibiotics Flashcards by Kaitlyn Johnson

antibiotics work by

inhibiting a process in the bacterial cell such that the cell cannot function properly or is killed outright

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what are the general adverse effects of aminoglycosides

nephrotoxicity
ototoxicity
vestibulotoxicity
neuromuscular blockade
narrow therapeutic index

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aminoglycosides are bacterio____

cidal

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aminoglycosides are used to treat

everything but streptococcus or obligate anaerobes

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how are aminoglycosides absorbed?

poorly absorbed orally; rapidly IM or SQ

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aminoglycosides concentrate in

inner ear perilymph and renal cortex tubule cells

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are aminoglycosides water or lipid soluble

relatively water soluble; so doesnt go intracellularly

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when are aminoglycosides illegal?

illegal if you cause a residue

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how are aminoglycosides able to have extended elimination

they enter tubular cells in kidney and are released slowly from those cells

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amikacin

long persistance of residue in renal tissue so dont give to food animals
NM blockade possible with anesthetics

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gentamicin

only approved use in food animals is oral treatment in pigs for swine dysentery
other food animal use is prohibited
if given to cattle systemically, extended withdrawal times are required
neuromuscular toxicity

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neomycin

some oral absorption in calves may cause alterations in microflora leading to diarrhea
dont inject
dont give to veal calves

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dont use neomycin for more than

14 days

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aminoglycoside MOA

acts on 30S ribosome affecting protein synthesis

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when should you give neomycin orally

when you would want its effect in the git (poorly absorbed)

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what is the MOA of fluoroquinolones

inhibit DNA synthesis by inhibiting DNA gyrase

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general adverse effects and contraindications of fluoroquinolones

CNS toxicity especially with renal failure
Vomiting/nausea and diarrhea
arthropathy in young animals
use caution in animals prone to seizures (only seen in people)

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fluoroquinolones are bacterio_____

static

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fluoroquinolones spectrum

good for mycoplasma, and everything but strep and anearobes

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fluoroquinolone legal issues

illegal to use extralabel in food animals, SR

can use for Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex

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metabolism of fluoroquinolones

most eliminated via the kidney as parent drug (not enro)

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elimination of fluoroquinolones

mainly via the urine

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ciprofloxacin adverse effects

may cause enteritis and colic in horses;

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enrofloxacin adverse effects/contraindications

retinal degeneration in cats
dont give to young dogs or foals
dont use in lactating dairy cattle or veal calves

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is ciprofloxacin registered for use in animals

absorption of ciprofloxacin

10-50% in dogs, 10% in horses

absorption of enrofloxacin

70-80%

name the fluoroquinolones

cipro, enro, marbo, prado

phenicols MOA

inhibits protein synthesis by binding 50S Ribosome

general adverse effects/contraindications

dose dependent bone marrow suppression | non dose-dependent aplastic anemia in humans

chloramphenicol use

EVERYTHING except the others list (ahhhh the dreaded others list)

florfenicol use

not good for aerobes, enterobacteriacease, or pseudomonas, (works on gram + aerobes and respiratory pathogens)

chloramphenicol absorption

well absorbed orally

chloramphenicol metabolism

in liver, paritally via glucouronidation

chloramphenical is an inhibitor of

CYTOCHROME P450!!!!!!!!!!!!!1

Florfenical absorption

well absorbed orally and IM/SQ; slow absorption in after IM/SC in cattle

florfenicol metabolism

some in liver

florfenicol adverse effects/contraindications

dd bm suppression diarrhea, possibly testicular degeneration avoid long term administration not for horses dong give more than 10 mL at a single site

chloramphenical adverse effects/contraindications

bm suppression avoid use in pregnant or neonatal anmals avoid longterm use in cats aplastic anemia in humans

toxicity differential between patient and infecting organsims can be exploited to

reduce adverse effects

______ can influence potential uses

bioavailability

tetracycline MOA

inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 30S ribosome

general adverse effects/contraindications

binds to bone and developing teeth in young animals | high doses cause renal tubular necrosis

uses of tetracyclines

not good for enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas, or anaerobes; (good for gram + aerobes, spirochetes, and mycoplasma, and protozoa)

tetracycline water or lipid soluble

lipid; goes intracellularly

tetracycline legal

when used in feed ust be under veterinary feed directives extralabel use of food medications is illegal voluntary removal of growth promotion from in-feed anitbiotics has been requested by the FDA

Distribution of tetracycline

concentrates in cells (serum concentrations much lower than tissue concentrations)

tetracycline metabolites

many are metabolized by non-acive metabolites in liver

chlortetracycline adverse effects

oral administration may cause diarrhea; avoid use in young animals

doxycycline adverse effects/contraindications

esophageal irritation, injury or stricture;fatal IVv in horses, PO can cause diarhea; dont administer rapidly IV; only give orally to horses

doxycycline is drug of choice for

tick borne diseases

minocycline adverse effects

diarrhea

oxytetracycline adverse effects/contraindications

drug fever in cats; hepatotoxicity, colic and diarrhea in horses; avoid IM injections larger than 10mL/site in cattle 5mL/site in pigs

tetracyclines are bacterio_____

bacteriostatic

_____ can affect drug movement

ionization

what are weak acids

HA - H + A

what are weak bases

H + B - HB

based on environment predict which way the chemical equilibrium will shift

ionized versions of drugs

will not cross membranes and will be trapped in whatever body of fluid they are found in

unionized versions

will cross membranes and be absorbed

mechanisms of lincosamides

inhibits protein synthesis by binding 50S ribosome

use of lincosamides

not good for respiratory pathogens, enterobacteriacease, or pseudomonas

lincosamides legal

in feed, must be under veterinary feed directive | extralabel use of food medications is illegal

clindamycin oral solution

associated with esophageal lesions

clindamycin side effects/contraindicaions

high doses cause vomiting and diarrhea in cats; diarrhea and enteritis in horses and ruminants; not for rodents or rabbits; dong give PO to horses or ruminants because death

clindamycin treats

gram + pathogens and gram _ anaerobes

lincomycin adverse effects/contraindications

uncommon; diarrrhea, vomiting and can cause severe or fatal enteritis in ruminants; do not administer PO to rodents, horses, ruminants or rabbits

lincomycin works on

gram +, gram - anaerobes

Antibiotics Flashcards

(68 cards)