Exam 3 Antibiotics

Question 1

legal issues associated with cephalosporins

Answer 1

(not including cephapirin) in cattle, swine, chickens, or turkeys; for disease prevention purposes; at unapproved doses, frequencies, durations, or routes; if the drug is not approved for that speces and production class

Question 2

cephalosporins absorption

Answer 2

well absorbed orally and IM/SQ

Question 3

cephalosporins metabolism

Answer 3

most are not metabolized; exception: ceftiofur almost completely metabolized to microbiologically active desfuroylceftiofur

Question 4

cephalosporin elimination

Answer 4

most via kidney as parent drug

Question 5

volume of distribution can vary with

Answer 5

age

Question 6

what is the MOA of cephalosporins

Answer 6

inhibits cell wall synthesis

Question 7

what are the general adverse effects of cephalosporins

Answer 7

allergies
rare bleeding disorders with cefotetan, cefamandole, efoperazone
PO can result in V/D
dont mix with other drugs in a compounded formulation because inactivation may result
some cause seizures

Question 8

use of group 1, 2, cephalosporins

Answer 8

just gram +

Question 9

use of group 3 cephalosporins

Answer 9

enterobacteriacea and anaerobes

Question 10

use of group 4 and 5 cephalosporins

Answer 10

not staph, pseudomonas, or gram - anaerobes

Question 11

group 6 and 7 cephalosporins

Answer 11

good for respiratory, enterobacteriacea and pseudomonas

Question 12

1st generation includes

Answer 12

group 1 and 2

Question 13

group 1

Answer 13

cefazolin, cephapirim

Question 14

group 2

Answer 14

cephalexin

Question 15

2nd generation includes

Answer 15

group 3

Question 16

group 3

Answer 16

cefoxilin

Question 17

3rd generation

Answer 17

group 4 and 5

Question 18

group 4

Answer 18

cefotaxime, ceftiofur and cefovecin

Question 19

group 5

Answer 19

cefpodoxime

Question 20

4th generation

Answer 20

group 6 and 7

Question 21

group 7

Answer 21

cefepime

Question 22

cephalexin adverse effects

Answer 22

allergic rxn, high doses can cause seizures and decreased platelet function

Question 23

ceftiofur adverse events

Answer 23

allergies, bleeeding problems, bone marrow suppression, thrombocytopenia and anemia, diarrhea in horses

Question 24

cefovecin adverse events

Answer 24

vomiting and diarrhea in dogs and cats, injection site irritation and transient edema, long half-life at site of injection

Question 25

carbapenems use

Answer 25

everything

Question 26

carbapenems general efects and contraindications

Answer 26

``` allergic rxn rapid infusion in renal comporomised pt may result in neurotoxicity with tremors, nystagmus, and siezures vomiting and nausea IM can be painful use caution in animals prone to seizures dong mix ```

Question 27

regulations of carbapenems

Answer 27

NOT ILLEGAL

Question 28

meropenem adverse effects

Answer 28

SQ injection causes hair loss at the site

Question 29

metronidazole moa

Answer 29

reduced in anaerobic environment to intermediate that is toxic to cell via alteration of DNA; generation of free nitroradicals interferes with metabolism wihin protozoa and bacteria

Question 30

general adverse effects and contraindications of metronidazole

Answer 30

CNS toxicity due to inhibition of GABA high doses cause lethargy, cns depression ataxoa, tremors, seizures, vomiting and weakness potential mutagen bitter caution in cats because it is a benzoic acid derivative tha can be toxic to cats use cautiously during pregnancy can potentiate effects of warfarin and cyclosporine via inhibition of drug metabolism

Question 31

use of metronidazole

Answer 31

good for anaerobes and protozoals

Question 32

regulation of metronidazole

Answer 32

extra-label use in food animals is prohibited

Question 33

polymixins, bacitracin MOA

Answer 33

interfere with bacterial cell membrane function; suppress cell wall formation; inhibit protein synthesis

Question 34

polymixin adverse effects

Answer 34

``` narow therapeutic index; im injections painful renal injury at high dose or long term allergic rxn doesnt work with pus or detergents ```

Question 35

polymixins use

Answer 35

enterobacteriacea

Question 36

bacitracin use

Answer 36

most gram -

Question 37

bacitracin adverse effects

Answer 37

nephrotoxicity | hypersensitivity

Question 38

nitrofurans MOA

Answer 38

urinary antiseptic therapeutic concentrations reached only in urine in urine, reduced by bacterial flavoproteins and reactive metabolites inhibit bacterial DNA and RNA

Question 39

nitrofurans use

Answer 39

UTIs

Question 40

nitrofurans adverse effects/contraindications

Answer 40

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, urine turns rust-yellow brown pneumonitis and peripheral neuropathy in people dont give during pregnancy because may cause hemolytic anemia in the newborn dont give to neonates

Question 41

nitrofurans regulation

Answer 41

prohibited in FA

Question 42

rifampin MOA

Answer 42

inhibits bacterial RNA synthesis very lipid soluble so it can enter cells to concentrate in leukocytes to inhibit intracellular bacteria complexes with beta subunit of DNA dependent RNA polymerase to inactivate it

Question 43

rifampin use

Answer 43

limited activity against gram - bacteria because it penetrates gram + cell walls more easily used in combination with macrolides

Question 44

general adverse effects and contraindications of rifampin

Answer 44

``` heaptotoxicity in dogs with high doses elevated liver enzymes urine colored orange may discolor saliva, tears, feces, sclera, mucous membranes unpalatable pancreatitis avoid use in pregnant animals potent inducer of cytochrome P450 inducer of efflux pump (p glycoprotein) which may decrease oral absorption of other drugs ```

Question 45

glycopeptides MOA

Answer 45

inhibits cell wall by binding to D-alanyl-D-allanine portion of cell wall precursors interferes with transglycosylases also activates bacterial cell wall autolysins

Question 46

glycopeptidesuses

Answer 46

gram positive

Question 47

glycopeptides adverse effects

Answer 47

none in animals

Question 48

regulation of glycopeptides

Answer 48

dont give in food animals-drug of last resort