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Immuno-Sero LEC > Antibody > Flashcards

Antibody Flashcards

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1
Q

They are produced by B lymphocytes (plasma cells) in response to exposure to foreign substances, called antigens.

A

ANTIBODY

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2
Q

are glycoproteins that play a crucial role in the humoral immune response.

A

ANTIBODY

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3
Q

Antibody aka

A

Immunoglobulins

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4
Q

ANTIBODY
FUNCTIONS

A

Neutralization

Opsonization

Complement Activation

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated
Cytotoxicity (ADCC)

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5
Q

Antibodies are…

A

created by the immune system to target foreign invaders in the body, like a bacteria or virus.

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6
Q

Antibodies prevent a virus or toxic protein from binding their target.

A

Neutralization

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7
Q

Neutralization

A

Antibodies prevent a virus or toxic protein from binding their target.

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8
Q

A pathogen tagged by antibodies is consumed by a macrophage or neutrophil.

A

Opsonization

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9
Q

Antibodies attached to the surface of a pathogen cell activate the complement system.

A

Complement activation

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10
Q

ANTIBODY PROPERTIES

A

• Protein in nature
• With high molecular weight
• Present in serum/plasma, saliva, semen, CSF, and other body fluids

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11
Q

ANTIBODY
STRUCTURE

The fundamental unit of an antibody is a________, composed of two identical_________ and_______ linked by________(Hinge region).

A

tetrapeptide

heavy (H) chains and two identical light
(L) chains

disulfide bonds

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12
Q

Immunoglobulin genes are found in:
Chromosome 14:
Chromosome 2:
Chromosome 22:

A

Heavy chain genes

kappa chain genes

epsilon chain

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13
Q

Bence-Jones Proteins
Discovered by….

A

Dr. Henry Bence Jones

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14
Q

Bence-Jones proteins

Monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains that are found in the urine of patients with_______

A

Multiple Myeloma

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15
Q

Heat solubility test

BJPs precipitate at_____ to_____, dissolve at______, and reappear upon cooling

A

60°C to 70°C

100°C

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16
Q

Bence-Jones protein

Types:

A

Kappa (к) light chains (60%)
Lambda (2) light chains (40%)

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17
Q

Variable Region

The _________end of both the heavy and light chains.

This region is unique to each antibody and determines its_______ for a particular antigen.

Forms the ______site.

A

amino-terminal

specificity

antigen-binding

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18
Q

The amino-terminal end of both the heavy and light chains.

This region is unique to each antibody and determines its specificity for a particular antigen.

Forms the antigen-binding site.

A

Variable Region

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19
Q

Constant Region
The _______end of the heavy chains.

This region is responsible for binding to_______ cells and molecules of the immune system.

A

carboxy-terminal

effector cells

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20
Q

The carboxy-terminal end of the heavy chains.

This region is responsible for binding to effector cells and molecules of the immune system.

A

Constant Region

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21
Q

• Composed of one light chain and one-half of a heavy chain linked by disulfide bonds.

A

Fragment antigen-binding (Fab)

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22
Q

Primary function: of the Fab region is

A

antigen recognition and binding

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23
Q

Fab region

Specificity is due to…

A

hypervariable regions

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24
Q

The carboxy-terminal end of the heavy chains.

This region is responsible for binding to effector cells and molecules of the immune system.

A

Fragment crystallizable (Fc)

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25
Fragment crystallizable (Fc) The ______end of the heavy chains. This region is responsible for binding to ______ and ______of the immune system.
carboxy-terminal effector cells and molecules
26
Fragment crystallizable (Fc) Composition:
two heavy chains, held together by disulfide bonds.
27
Fc region Mediates the antibody's effector functions
Complement activation Opsonization ADCC
28
IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIANTS
ISOTYPES ALLOTYPE IDIOTYPE
29
For example, the ***isotype*** determines whether an antibody belongs to….
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, or IgE class.
30
These determinants are associated with the constant region of the heavy chain and define the different immunoglobulin classes and subclasses.
ISOTYPES
31
The primary type of antigenic determinant present on the immunoglobulins of all members of a particular species.
ISOTYPES
32
An example of an_______ is the Gm specificity found on the heavy chain of IgG molecules.
Allotype
33
are subtle genetic variations within the constant regions of heavy and light chains, resulting in minor amino acid sequence differences between individuals.
ALLOTYPE
34
• These variations in the antigen-binding site are ***responsible for the specificity*** of each antibody for a particular antigen.
IDIOTYPE
35
• Unique to each individual antibody molecule and are formed by variations in the variable regions of both heavy and light chains.
IDIOTYPE
36
Pentamer 5 identical units of Y-shaped antibodies 10 antigen-binding sites
IgM
37
IgM Linked by
J-chains
38
• The first antibody produced by the body when encountering a new infection (primary/initial immune response)
IgM
39
IgM The most efficient immunoglobulin at:
activating the classical complement pathway clumping together antigens (agglutination)
40
Four subclasses of IgG:
IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4.
41
Most abundant/prevalent antibody in serum
IMMUNOGLOBULIN G (IgG)
42
The only antibody isotype that can cross the placenta • Except_____
IMMUNOGLOBULIN G (IgG) IgG2
43
Has the longest half-life (~______)
IgG 23 days
44
Predominant antibody during secondary (anamnestic) immune response
IgG
45
IgG Most efficient in:
Neutralization Opsonization ADCC Precipitation
46
Can bind to mast cells or basophils and trigger these cells to release histamine and Fab region other inflammatory mediators.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN E (IgE)
47
• a unique antibody with a specialized role in allergic responses and defense against parasites.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN E (IgE)
48
iMMUNOGLOBULIN A (IgA) • Exists as
both a monomer and dimer
49
Mainly circulates in the serum • Act as an anti-inflammatory agent
IgA1 (Monomer)
50
• IgA1 (Monomer) Mainly circulates in the_____ • Act as an______
serum anti-inflammatory agent
51
• Has a secretory component that protects it from being broken down by gastrointestinal proteolytic enzymes
IgA2 (Dimer)
52
• Predominant immunoglobulin in mucosal secretions
IgA2(Dimer)
53
• IgA2 (Dimer) • Predominant immunoglobulin in______ • Has a______ that protects it from being broken down by gastrointestinal proteolytic enzymes
mucosal secretions secretory component
54
• It is the second type of immunoglobulin to Fab region appear on B cells
IMMUNOGLOBULIN D (IgD)
55
• Most IgD is found on the surface of…
immunocompetent, unstimulated B lymphocytes alongside IgM.
56
essential for the development of a highly specific and adaptable humoral immune response
CLASS SWITCHING
57
• A biological process that allows B cells to change the class of antibody they produce while maintaining their antigen specificity
CLASS SWITCHING
58
Mechanism of CLASS SWITCHING
Mechanism: Initial IgM production Activated T-helper cells release cytokines that signal B cells to undergo class-switching Gene rearrangement (class switch recombination) Production of new antibody isotype
59
CLASS SWITCHING Mechanism: Initial_________ _______release______ that signal _____to undergo class-switching _______(class switch recombination) Production of______
IgM production Activated T-helper cells; cytokines; B cells Gene rearrangement new antibody isotype
60
AFFINITY vS. AVIDITY Affinity: Avidity:
AFFINITY: the initial force of attraction that exists between a single Fab site on an antibody molecule and a single epitope or determinant site on the corresponding antigen AVIDITY: represents the overall strength of the bond between a multivalent antibody and a multivalent antigen.
61
the initial force of attraction that exists between a single Fab site on an antibody molecule and a single epitope or determinant site on the corresponding antigen
Affinity
62
represents the overall strength of the bond between a multivalent antibody and a multivalent antigen.
Avidity
63
AGGLUTINATION
" the clumping of particles with antigens on their surfaces
64
are more efficient at agglutination because their large size and multivalency permit more effective bridging of the space between cells caused by zeta potential
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies
65
" IgM is the most efficient of all immunoglobulins at triggering the classical complement pathway because a single molecule can initiate the reaction as a result of its multiple binding sites
COMPLEMENT FIXATION
66
• IgG antibodies can bind to specific sites on toxins or viruses essential for their attachment to host cells.
NEUTRALIZATION
67
This prevents the pathogen or toxin from interacting with the host cell, effectively neutralizing its ability to cause infection or damage.
NEUTRALIZATION
68
Combination of soluble antigen with soluble antibody to produce visible insoluble complexes.
PRECIPITATION
69
These cells achieve this by recognizing and binding to the Fc portion of the antibodies attached to the target cells.
ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT CELL CYTOTOXICITY (ADCC)
70
a process where "antibody-coated target cells" are destroyed by immune cells such as natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils.
ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT CELL CYTOTOXICITY (ADCC)
71
ADCC
Antibodies bind receptors on target cell surface Effector cell Fc-receptors recognize cell-bound antibodies Effector cell lyses target cell Target cell death
72
All the antibodies in a ______preparation are identical and originate from a single B cell lineage.
Monoclonal antibody
73
• Purified immunoglobulin produced by cells cloned from a single fusion-type hybridoma cell.
MONOCLONALANTIBODIES

Immuno-Sero LEC (30 decks)

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