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Immuno-Sero LEC > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Grew from observations of recovery and subsequent protection from certain infectious diseases.

A

IMMUNITY

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2
Q

Immunity

Derived from the Latin term____, meaning “exempt.”

A

immunis

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3
Q

He noted that, only those who had recovered could nurse the sick because they did not contract the disease a second time.

A

THUCYDIDES

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4
Q

Greek Historian
430 BC: Described a plague in Athens.

A

THUCYDIDES

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5
Q

First Attempts to Induce Immunity

A

VARIOLATION

Chinese and Turkish Contributions
(15th Century)

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6
Q

Dried smallpox crusts inhaled or inserted into cuts (______)

A

variolation

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7
Q

Observed variolation in Turkey

Had her own children variolated

Advocated smallpox inoculation to
Britain

A

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1718)

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8
Q

Noticed that milkmaids with cowpox (Vaccinia virus) seem to be immune to acquiring smallpox (Variola virus)
• “Vacca” = cow

A

EDWARD JENNER (1798)

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9
Q

Smallpox virus

A

Variola virus

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10
Q

.
Experiment
Inoculated an 8-year-old boy with cowpox fluid
.
Boy became immune to smallpox

A

EDWARD JENNER (1798)

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11
Q

Cowpox virus

A

Vaccinia virus

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12
Q

EDWARD JENNER (1798)

The cowpox and smallpox viruses belong to the same family,______,
and share similar structural proteins and antigens.

Because of the antigenic similarity between cowpox and smallpox viruses, the______ generated in response to cowpox can recognize and respond to smallpox virus if it later enters the body.

A

Poxviridae

memory cells

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13
Q

Father of Immunology

A

LOUIS PASTEUR

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14
Q

LOUIS PASTEUR father if

A

IMMUNOLOGY

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15
Q

Discovery
• Noted that old bacterial cultures caused illness but not death in chickens

Fresh culture killed unexposed chickens, but not those previously exposed

A

Louis Pasteur

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16
Q

Hypothesis:
Aging weakens pathogen virulence
Weakened (attenuated) strains provide immunity

A

Louis Pasteur

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17
Q

Louis Pasteur

Hypothesis:
_____weakens pathogen virulence

Weakened (attenuated) strains provide____

A

Aging

immunity

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18
Q

LOUIS PASTEUR
• Discovery
. Noted that ______caused illness but not death in chickens

.______ killed unexposed chickens, but not those previously exposed

A

old bacterial cultures

Fresh culture

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19
Q

Pasteur

He called the attenuated strain:

A

Vaccine

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20
Q

Vaccinated sheep with heat-attenuated anthrax bacteria (Bacillus anthracis)

Vaccinated sheep survived; unvaccinated sheep died

A

Anthrax Experiment

By Pasteur

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21
Q

First human vaccination on____
Boy survived rabies exposure

A

Rabies Vaccine (1885)

Joseph Meister

By Pasteur

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22
Q

Founded to treat rabies victims

. Continues to focus on the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases

A

Pasteur Institute (1887)

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23
Q

Percent of herd immunity

A

70%

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24
Q

if lots of people are vaccinated

…then the disease can’t spread very far, so the whole community stays safe.
This is ‘______’

A

herd immunity

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25
Resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a population that results if a sufficiently high proportion of individuals are immune to the disease, especially through vaccination.
HERD IMMUNITY
26
SMALLPOX ERADICATION • Last known case of naturally acquired smallpox was in______
Somalia, 1977.
27
Smallpox eradication was achieved through________ This remains among the most notable and profound public health successes in history.
universal vaccination
28
14 diseases we've controlled thanks to vaccines:
Polio Tetanus Measles Influenza Hepatitis B Hepatitis A Rubella Hib Whooping Cough Pneumococcal Disease Rotavirus Mumps Chickenpox Diptheria
29
Over the last 35 years, the Philippines has reduced the prevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases. However, there are still occasional outbreaks. This may be due to weakened herd immunity from gaps in vaccination.
Measles outbreaks
30
CASES OF VACCINE-PREVENTABLE DISEASES, 1984-2019
Diphtheria Measles Mumps Neonatal tetanus Pertussis a Polio Rubella
31
POLIO VACCINE (1949)
Jonas Salk Albert Sabin
32
Developed the first effective vaccine against polio Intramuscular administration Inactivated/Killed
Jonas Salk
33
Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) Live attenuated vaccine
Albert Sabin
34
YELLOW FEVER VACCINE • 1900 Demonstrated that yellow fever is transmitted by female ***Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.***
Walter Reed
35
Walter Reed Demonstrated that yellow fever is transmitted by…
female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes
36
Developed a live, attenuated vaccine against yellow fever
Max Theiler
37
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
Emil von Behring Shibasaburo Kitasato
38
Emil von Behring & Shibasaburo Kitasato (1890) Demonstrated immune protection could be transferred via_____. Received Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1901).
serum
39
TYPES OF HUMORAL IMMUNITY
Active Immunity Passive Immunity
40
Ex. vaccination
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
41
______ immunity can last years or decades after initial exposure.
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
42
Provides long-lasting protection via memory cells.
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
43
Produces one's own immunity through exposure to antigens.
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
44
Newborns receive _____ immunity via maternal antibodies. Short-lived and limited
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
45
Transfer of antibodies from one individual to another. Used in emergencies (e.g., snake or scorpion venom).
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
46
Proposed by Paul Ehrlich in 1900. Cells express a variety of receptors (side-chain receptors) that can bind to infectious agents and inactivate them.
Side-Chain Theory
47
Side-Chain Theory Proposed by____ in 1900. Cells express a variety of receptors (side-chain receptors) that can bind to infectious agents and inactivate them.
Paul Ehrlich
48
Concept borrowed from Emil Fischer (1894) to describe enzyme-substrate interaction. Receptor binding to an infectious agent is like the fit between a lock and key.
Lock-and-Key Fit
49
IMMUNOGLOBULINS (1930s) showed gamma globulin (now immunoglobulin) is responsible for these activities. Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are crucial in humoral immunity. Archie Anador IgG IgM IgA
Elvin Kabat
50
Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for their work in discovering the structure of immunoglobulins.
ANTIBODY STRUCTURE Sir Rodney Porter and Gerald Edelman (1972)
51
Papain
2
52
Pepsin
2
53
Identified phagocytes (white blood cells) as contributors to immunity. Hypothesized that cells, not just serum components, are key to immunity.
CELLULAR IMMUNITY Elie Metchnikoff (1883)
54
PHAGOCYTOSIS (1 Bacterium becomes attached to membrane evaginations called____. (2 Bacterium is ingested, forming_____. Phagosome fuses with____. (4 (5 Digestion products are released pseudopodia
pseudopodia phagosome; lysosome = phagysosome
55
is killed and then digested by lysosomal enzymes.
Bacterium
56
Secrete antibodies inat defend against extracellular pathogens
Humoral
57
Defend against infected cells, cancers and transplant tissues
Cell-mediated
58
can be defined as the study of a host's reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body.
Immunology
59
is the study of all aspects of the immune system, including its structure and function, disorders of the immune system, blood banking, immunization, and organ transplantation.
Immunology
60
is defined as resistance to disease, specifically infectious disease.
Immunology
61
Immunology consists of the following:
the study of the molecules, cells, organs, and systems responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign (nonself) material; how body components respond and interact; the desirable and undesirable consequences of immune interactions; and the ways in which the immune system can be advantageously manipulated to protect against or treat disease
62
The structures (e.g., bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes), cells (e.g., macrophages, lymphocytes), and soluble constituents of the circulating blood (e.g., complement) that allow the host to recognize and respond to foreign (nonself) substances, such as antigens.
IMMUNE SYSTEM
63
The condition of being resistant to infection.
IMMUNITY
64
IMMUNE SYSTEM Role of the Immune System
Defending the body against infections Recognizing and responding to foreign antigens Defending the body against the development of tumors
65
A foreign substance (immunogen) that can stimulate the production of antibodies (immune response).
ANTIGEN
66
Specific glycoproteins (immunoglobulins) produced in response to antigenic challenge.
Antibodies
67
can be found in blood plasma and body fluids (e.g., tears, saliva, milk).
Antibodies
68
These serum globulins have a wide range of specificities for different antigens and can bind to and neutralize bacterial toxins or bind to the surfaces of bacteria, viruses, or parasites.
Antibodies

Immuno-Sero LEC (30 decks)

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