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Immuno-Sero LEC > CYTOKINES > Flashcards

CYTOKINES Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

• Chemical messengers that regulate the immune system, orchestrating both innate and adaptive response to infection

A

Cytokines

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2
Q

Small proteins produced by several different types of cells that influence hematopoietic and immune systems through activation of cell-bound receptors

A

Cytokines

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3
Q

Cytokines are released through
activation of cell-bound receptors

A

• In response to binding of stimuli to specific cell receptors

•Through recognition of foreign antigens by host lymphocytes

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4
Q

ACTION OF CYTOKINES

APE

A

Autocrime
Paraceine
Endocrine

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5
Q

• Autocrine:

• Paracrine:

• Endocrine:

A

affects the same cell that secreted it

affects a target cell in close proximity

systemic activities

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6
Q

Action of cytokines as a whole

A

• Different cytokines work together (network of cytokine expression) to regulate leukocytes activity, and leads to elimination of the infection

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7
Q

Initially grouped based on their activities and first site of isolation:

A

Lymphokines
Monokines
Interleukins

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8
Q

Initially grouped based on their activities and first site of isolation:
• Lymphokines -
• Monokines -
• Interleukins -

A

released from lymphocytes.

released from monocytes and macrophages.

cytokines released from leukocytes that mainly act on other leukocyte.

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9
Q

Cytokines are

Currently grouped as families of:

TICTIC

A

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
interferon (IFN)
chemokine
transforming growth factor (TGF)
interleukins (IL)
colony stimulating factor (CSF)

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10
Q

ATTRIBUTE OF CYTOKINES

PRSAC

A

Pleiotropy
Redundancy
Synergy
Anatagonism
Cascade induction

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11
Q

• Pleiotropy: single cytokine may have different actions

• Redundancy: different cytokine activate same pathway and genes

• Synergy: cytokines complement and enhance each other

• Antagonisim: one cytokine counteract the action of another cytokine

• Cascade induction: cytokine secreted by a certain cell can activate target cells to produce additional cytokines

A
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12
Q

cytokine secreted by a certain cell can activate target cells to produce additional cytokines

A

• Cascade induction:

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13
Q

: one cytokine counteract the action of another cytokine

A

• Antagonisim

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14
Q

: cytokines complement and enhance each other

A

• Synergy

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15
Q

: different cytokine activate same pathway and genes

A

• Redundancy

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16
Q

: single cytokine may have different actions

A

• Pleiotropy

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17
Q

Massive overproduction and dysregulation of cytokines produce…

A

hyperstimulation of the immune response

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18
Q

• Hypercytokinemia or Cytokine Storm

• Example:

A

Influenza A and Francisella tularensis

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19
Q

• Leads to shock, multi-organ failure, or even death

A

• Hypercytokinemia or Cytokine Storm

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20
Q

• Main cause of death in the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic

A

Hypercytokinemia or Cytokine Storm

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21
Q

Nomenclature PAST

(based on which they originated from)

A

• Lymphokines
• Monokines
• Interleukins (act on other leukocytes)

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22
Q

Nomenclature

Present
(grouped into families)

A

• Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
• Interferon (INF)
• Chemokine
• Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)
• Interleukins
• Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF)

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23
Q

• Produced by many different cell types

• Function: to increase APRs and to recruit WBCs to the area of infection

• IL-1, TNF-alpha, IL-6, Chemokines, TGF-beta, INF-alpha, INF-beta

A

INNATE

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24
Q

ADAPTIVE
• Mainly secreted by…
• Function: Directly affect…

Study These Flashcards
A

T cells
(Th cells)

T-and B-cell function

25
INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE nterleukin-1 •- rarely found outside the cells • - more important in systemic response; endogenous pyrogen (induces fever by acting on the hypothalamus) • - blocks II-1 receptor
IL-1alpha IL-1beta IL-1RA (IL-1 receptor antagonist)
26
• Can induce lysis in tumor cells
Tumor Necrosis Factor
27
- most prominent • mainly triggered by bacterial lipopolysaccharide • Can induce expression of Class II MHC → T-cell activation • Excess soluble forms are bound by TNFR1 (TNF receptor 1), while excess membrane-bound form are bound by TNRF2 • Central mediator of pathological processes in RA and other inflammatory illnesses
• TNF-alpha
28
• Pleiotropic • Stimulate B-cell proliferation and maturation • Induce CD4+ T-cells to produce more pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines • Only one IL-6 receptor has been identified that consists of: •______ and _____ (the common signal-transducing receptor subunit used by several cytokines
Interleukin-6 IL-6Ra (the IL-6-specific receptor) and gp130
29
INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE ***Chemokines*** • Over____ kinds • functions
40 Enhance motility and promote migration of WBCs toward the chemokine source via chemotaxis
30
Four families based in position of N-terminal cysteine residues
CXC (alpha) CC (beta) C CX3C
31
• HIV uses chemokine receptors_____ and _____ as co-receptors for infection of CD4+ T cells and macrophages • During polymorphisms (or alterations) in the aforementioned receptors, the virus ability to enter the cell is blocked or diminished • Long-term non-progression of disease • Asymptomatic with Normal CD4+ T-cell counts and immune function, as well as low or undetectable viral loads
CXCR4 and CCR5
32
• Activates expression of CD8 in DN thymocytes • Inhibitory effects on immature thymocytes • Blocks production of IL-12 and inhibits induction of IFN-gamma
Transforming Growth Factor-ß
33
• Has antiproliferative activity in a wide variety of cell types • Help downregulate inflammatory response when no longer needed
Transforming Growth Factor-ß
34
• Transforming Growth Factor-ß → oral tolerance to bacteria normally found in the mouth • TGF-ß1, TGF-B2, TGF-B3
• Th2 production of TGF-ß
35
• Activates NK cells
Type I Interferons (INF-a and INF-B).
36
• Produced by dendritic cells and induce production of proteins and pathways that directly interfere with viral replication and cell division
Type I Interferons (INF-a and INF-B).
37
INNATE VS ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE
INNATE • Produced by many different cell types • Function: to increase APRs and to recruit WBCs to the area of infection ADAPTIVE • Mainly secreted by T cells (Th cells) • Function: Directly affect T-and B-cell function
38
• Produced by many different cell types • Function: to increase APRs and to recruit WBCs to the area of infection
INNATE IR
39
• Mainly secreted by T cells (Th cells) • Function: Directly affect T-and B-cell function
ADAPTIVE IR
40
T-Helper 1 Product
IFN-y IL-2
41
Increases expression of MHC Class I and II increased likelihood of antigen capture and recruitment of T cells
IFN-y
42
Most potent activator of macrophages → activated or "super" macrophages → vs intracellular pathogens and tumors Also activates CD4+ Th1 cells, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells
IFN-y
43
AKA T-cell growth factor (like Th2)
IL-2
44
Help generate IgG1 and IgE-producing cells
IL-2
45
T-Helper 2
IL-4 IL-10
46
IL-13 has similar effects, but IL-13 can inhibit secretion of cytokines by monocytes
IL-4
47
Production of IgG2a and IgE, and II-5 → differentiation and activation of eosinophils in both allergic responses and parasitic infections IL-10
IL-4
48
Also stimulates differentiation of naïve CD4+ T-cells Turns off the genes that promote Th1 cells
IL-4
49
Anti-inflammatory, block cytokine production, and inhibits antigen presentation
IL-10
50
Antagonist to IFN-y → thus, it is a downregulator of immune response
IL-10
51
T-Regulatory Products
TGF-B IL-10
52
Anti-inflammatory, block cytokine production, and inhibits antigen presentation
TGF-B
53
Induces expression of Foxp3, a transcription factor which causes T-reg cells to suppress the activity of other T-cells
TGF-B
54
Downregulator of immune response Anti-inflammatory, block cytokine production, and inhibits antigen presentation
IL-10
55
T-Helper 17 Product
IL-17
56
= most studied IL-17 cytokine
IL-17A
57
Necessary for secretion of antimicrobial peptides in bacterial and fungal infections at mucosal surfaces Makes cells produce CXC ligand 8 (CXCL-8), which is crucial for continuous recruitment of neutrophils to site of inflammation Directly induces IgE production by B cells
IL-17
58
MAJOR PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES
TNF-a IL-1 IL-6 IFN-Y
59
MAJOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES
TGF-B IL-10 IL-13 IL-35

Immuno-Sero LEC (30 decks)

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